Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT considered a Basic Activity of Daily Living (BADL)?
Which of the following is NOT considered a Basic Activity of Daily Living (BADL)?
- Meal preparation
- Housecleaning
- Shopping for clothing (correct)
- Driving
Which assessment tool focuses specifically on instrumental activities of daily living?
Which assessment tool focuses specifically on instrumental activities of daily living?
- Katz Index of ADLs
- Lawton-Brody IADL Scale (correct)
- Barthel ADL Index
- Functional Independence Measure (FIM)
What is a key feature of the Functional Independence Measure (FIM)?
What is a key feature of the Functional Independence Measure (FIM)?
- It is a proprietary tool used to assess basic mobility only.
- It only evaluates the cognitive aspects of daily living.
- It is primarily used for assessing dietary habits.
- It measures both basic and instrumental activities of daily living. (correct)
Which of the following instruments is specifically mentioned as being proprietary?
Which of the following instruments is specifically mentioned as being proprietary?
According to the provided content, which of the following references is focused on physical medicine and rehabilitation?
According to the provided content, which of the following references is focused on physical medicine and rehabilitation?
What is the characteristic of dyslexia?
What is the characteristic of dyslexia?
What does a grade of 4+ in Deep Tendon Reflexes indicate?
What does a grade of 4+ in Deep Tendon Reflexes indicate?
What stage of Brunnstrom's recovery is characterized by flaccidity and no voluntary movement?
What stage of Brunnstrom's recovery is characterized by flaccidity and no voluntary movement?
What describes dyscalculia?
What describes dyscalculia?
What does a Manual Muscle Testing grade of 1 represent?
What does a Manual Muscle Testing grade of 1 represent?
What type of reflexes are absent in cases of upper motor neuron lesions?
What type of reflexes are absent in cases of upper motor neuron lesions?
Which symptom is characteristic of lower motor neuron lesions?
Which symptom is characteristic of lower motor neuron lesions?
How does the muscle tone differ between upper motor neuron lesions and lower motor neuron lesions?
How does the muscle tone differ between upper motor neuron lesions and lower motor neuron lesions?
What is the expected response of a muscle after 10 days of nerve section?
What is the expected response of a muscle after 10 days of nerve section?
In pyramidal symptoms, which of the following characteristics is present?
In pyramidal symptoms, which of the following characteristics is present?
What clinical feature would you observe in lower motor neuron lesions regarding muscle atrophy?
What clinical feature would you observe in lower motor neuron lesions regarding muscle atrophy?
Which sign is indicative of lower motor neuron lesions in comparison to upper motor neuron lesions?
Which sign is indicative of lower motor neuron lesions in comparison to upper motor neuron lesions?
What term describes a defect in the visual field where one vertical half is impaired?
What term describes a defect in the visual field where one vertical half is impaired?
What is auditory agnosia?
What is auditory agnosia?
Which condition involves a profound unconsciousness from which one cannot be roused?
Which condition involves a profound unconsciousness from which one cannot be roused?
What is dysarthria?
What is dysarthria?
What does unilateral neglect refer to?
What does unilateral neglect refer to?
What is the primary function of the lower motor neurons (LMN)?
What is the primary function of the lower motor neurons (LMN)?
Which term describes an impairment in performing known skilled movements?
Which term describes an impairment in performing known skilled movements?
Which reflex component is primarily responsible for muscle contraction?
Which reflex component is primarily responsible for muscle contraction?
What is the Romberg sign used to assess?
What is the Romberg sign used to assess?
Which sign is indicative of upper motor neuron lesions?
Which sign is indicative of upper motor neuron lesions?
Which condition is characterized by excessive neuronal discharge?
Which condition is characterized by excessive neuronal discharge?
Which of the following defines acalculia?
Which of the following defines acalculia?
What role does the extrapyramidal system play in muscle regulation?
What role does the extrapyramidal system play in muscle regulation?
Which areas of the brain are involved in planning and decision making?
Which areas of the brain are involved in planning and decision making?
Which neuron type primarily contributes to the pyramidal and extrapyramidal systems?
Which neuron type primarily contributes to the pyramidal and extrapyramidal systems?
What physiological process allows for errorless movements?
What physiological process allows for errorless movements?
Which characteristic is typical of lower motor neuron lesions?
Which characteristic is typical of lower motor neuron lesions?
What balance grading indicates that an individual can maintain balance against maximal resistance?
What balance grading indicates that an individual can maintain balance against maximal resistance?
Which grading indicates the ability to sit unsupported with minimal assistance and reach to the ipsilateral side?
Which grading indicates the ability to sit unsupported with minimal assistance and reach to the ipsilateral side?
Which proprioception test assesses the ability to touch the nose with a finger?
Which proprioception test assesses the ability to touch the nose with a finger?
What is the primary focus of basic ADLs?
What is the primary focus of basic ADLs?
How is 'GOOD' defined in the context of dynamic balance grading?
How is 'GOOD' defined in the context of dynamic balance grading?
Which instrumental ADL requires organizational skills?
Which instrumental ADL requires organizational skills?
What is indicated by the grading 'FAIR-' in dynamic balance?
What is indicated by the grading 'FAIR-' in dynamic balance?
What does the 'POOR' grading in static balance suggest about an individual?
What does the 'POOR' grading in static balance suggest about an individual?
Flashcards
LMN
LMN
Lower Motor Neurons. Motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem that directly control muscles.
UMN
UMN
Upper Motor Neurons. Neurons involved in voluntary movement, but do not directly innervate muscles.
Motor Cortex
Motor Cortex
Part of the brain responsible for voluntary movement.
Reflex Arc
Reflex Arc
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Sensory Homunculus
Sensory Homunculus
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Pyramidal System
Pyramidal System
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Extrapyramidal System
Extrapyramidal System
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Babinski Sign
Babinski Sign
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UMN Lesion Muscle Tone
UMN Lesion Muscle Tone
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LMN Lesion Muscle Tone
LMN Lesion Muscle Tone
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UMN Lesion Reflexes
UMN Lesion Reflexes
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LMN Lesion Reflexes
LMN Lesion Reflexes
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UMN Lesion Atrophy
UMN Lesion Atrophy
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LMN Lesion Atrophy
LMN Lesion Atrophy
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UMN Lesion Babinski
UMN Lesion Babinski
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LMN Lesion Babinski
LMN Lesion Babinski
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Auditory Agnosia
Auditory Agnosia
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Anosmia
Anosmia
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Romberg Sign
Romberg Sign
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Apraxia
Apraxia
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Prosopagnosia
Prosopagnosia
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Aphasia
Aphasia
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Dyslexia
Dyslexia
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Amnesia/Fugue
Amnesia/Fugue
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Dyscalculia
Dyscalculia
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Muscle Tone (Grading)
Muscle Tone (Grading)
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Muscle Power (Grading)
Muscle Power (Grading)
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Static Balance (Normal)
Static Balance (Normal)
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Dynamic Balance (Normal)
Dynamic Balance (Normal)
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Basic ADLs
Basic ADLs
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Instrumental ADLs
Instrumental ADLs
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Static Balance (Poor)
Static Balance (Poor)
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Dynamic Balance (Poor)
Dynamic Balance (Poor)
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Proprioception Testing (Romberg's test)
Proprioception Testing (Romberg's test)
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Proprioception Testing (Heel-shin)
Proprioception Testing (Heel-shin)
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Basic Activities of Daily Living (BADL)
Basic Activities of Daily Living (BADL)
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Katz Index of ADLs
Katz Index of ADLs
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Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL)
Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL)
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Lawton-Brody IADL Scale
Lawton-Brody IADL Scale
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Functional Mobility Instruments
Functional Mobility Instruments
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Study Notes
Introduction to Applied Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology
- Course Title: PT-PNS 301 - Lecture 1
- Topic: Applied Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology
- Lecturer(s): Dr. Sukumar Shanmugam, Dr. Meruna Bose
- Date: December 8, 2024
Learning Objectives
- Students will be able to describe the different parts of the nervous system.
- Students will be able to differentiate between lower motor neurons (LMN) and upper motor neurons (UMN).
- Students will be able to explain the functional areas of the brain.
Lobes of the Cerebrum
- The brain is divided into lobes:
- Frontal lobe
- Parietal lobe
- Temporal lobe
- Occipital lobe
- Important sulci/notches are depicted on the slide.
Lobes of the Cerebral Hemispheres
- The frontal lobe is involved in planning, decision-making, and speech.
- The parietal lobe processes sensory information.
- The temporal lobe processes auditory information.
- The occipital lobe processes visual information.
Motor/Sensory Cortex
- The motor cortex (right hemisphere) controls specific body parts.
- The sensory cortex receives sensory input from various body regions.
- The diagram illustrates the body parts in relation to their representative areas in the brain's cortex.
Sensory Areas - Sensory Homunculus
- Different parts of the body have dedicated sensory areas in the postcentral gyrus.
- The representation of body parts is proportional to the sensitivity of that part
- The diagram illustrates the sensory cortex representation.
Tone Pathway
- The efferent pathway includes α-motor neurons and γ-motor neurons.
- α-motor neurons control extrafusal muscle fibers.
- γ-motor neurons control intrafusal muscle fibers within the muscle spindle.
Tracts
- Descending tracts are categorized as motor tracts.
- Lateral corticospinal tract and ventral corticospinal tract are mentioned here.
- Ascending tracts are sensory tracts.
- Dorsal columns, lateral and ventral spinothalamic tracts are mentioned.
Neurophysiology of Movements
- Lower reflex arcs control basic movements.
- Higher brain centers govern voluntary movements.
- Feedback mechanisms adjust movements for precision.
Components of Reflex
- Muscle spindles send information about muscle stretch to the spinal cord.
- Sensory neurons deliver this information.
- Alpha motor neurons initiate the contraction of extrafusal muscle fibers.
- Gamma motor neurons adjust the sensitivity of muscle spindles.
Alpha and Gamma Neurons (Reflex Physiology)
- Afferent pathways receive sensory input from muscle spindles.
- Alpha motor neurons regulate regular skeletal muscle.
- Gamma motor neurons adjust the sensitivity of muscle spindles.
Regulation of Muscle Tone
- The pyramidal system facilitates spinal cord and brainstem motor nuclei.
- The extrapyramidal system regulates muscle tone.
LMN vs. UMN
- UMNs are involved in pyramidal and extrapyramidal systems.
- LMNs include anterior horn cells and cranial nerve motor nuclei.
Signs of Upper Motor Neuron Lesions (UMNL)
- Paralysis or weakness in the affected area can still cause gross movements.
- Muscle atrophy may occur later.
- Babinski sign is a characteristic sign.
Additional Signs of Upper Motor Neuron Lesions
- Fine-skilled voluntary movements are impaired.
- Superficial abdominal and cremasteric reflexes are absent.
- Spasticity or hypertonia occurs.
Signs of Lower Motor Neuron Lesions (LMNL)
- Flaccid paralysis occurs in affected muscles.
- Muscle atrophy develops.
- Reflexes vanish in affected muscles.
More Signs of Lower Motor Neuron Lesions
- Muscles fasciculation may be visible.
- Muscle fibrillation is detectable with EMG.
Clinical Signs: UMN vs. LMN Lesions
- The table emphasizes the different clinical manifestations of UMN and LMN lesions.
Pyramidal & Extra Pyramidal Symptoms
- This slide highlights clinical symptoms related to pyramidal and extrapyramidal systems.
Common Sensory Symptoms
- This slide details several common sensory symptoms.
Special Senses
- Anopia refers to defects in the visual field, including hemi-anopia.
- Auditory agnosia is the inability to interpret auditory sensation.
- Anosmia is the inability to smell.
Alertness
- Coma, stupor, and lethargy involve varying degrees of impaired consciousness.
General Symptoms
- Epilepsy is a chronic brain dysfunction with paroxysmal episodes.
- Romberg sign indicates proprioception loss.
Cognitive & Perceptive Symptoms
- Apraxia describes impairments in performing skilled movements.
- Agnosia includes identifying familiar faces, objects, and colors.
Executive Functions of Cortex
- Aphasia impacts speech and language.
- Amnesia and fugue encompass memory loss.
- Behavioral changes may involve learning difficulties.
Amnesia/Fugue
- Amnesia/fugue is a disturbance in memory, ranging from minutes to months.
- Dyslexia involves difficulty in reading.
- Dyscalculia is the inability to perform mathematical calculations.
Common Assessment Tools
- Various assessment tools are used to assess neurological function.
Muscle Tone: Grading Deep Tendon Reflexes
- Grading scales (e.g., 0-4+) characterize the presence, strength, and quality of deep tendon reflexes.
Muscle Power (MRC)
- Manual muscle testing grades (MRC) quantitatively evaluate muscle strength.
Brunnstrom's 6 Stages of Recovery
- This concept describes stages involved in muscle recovery.
Static Balance Grading
- A grading scale evaluates a patient's static balance abilities.
Dynamic Balance Grading
- This section details grading scales for dynamic balance.
Multimodal Sensory Testing
- This slide explains different sensory systems assessed during testing.
Sensory Grading (ASIA)
- This slide details different grading systems for sensory analysis.
Proprioception Testing
- Romberg test, heel-shin test, and finger-nose-finger test assess proprioception.
Order of Proprioception Testing
- Recommended testing order for upper and lower limb proprioception.
Basic ADLs
- Basic activities of daily living (ADLs) include feeding, dressing, toileting, bathing, and transferring.
Instrumental ADLs
- Instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) involve more complex tasks.
Functional Measures
- Various tools and indexes assess functional abilities, distinguishing between BADLs and IADLs.
References
- A list of references for further study.
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Description
This quiz assesses your understanding of Applied Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology based on the first lecture of the course. You will explore the different parts of the nervous system, differentiate between lower and upper motor neurons, and explain the functional areas of the brain. Test your knowledge on the lobes of the cerebrum and their specific functions.