Psychosis: Types of Hallucinations and Thought Disorders
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following types of hallucinations is rare in schizophrenia but more common in chemically induced psychosis?

  • Auditory
  • Olfactory
  • Tactile
  • Visual (correct)

    • Which symptom of disorganized thinking/speech is characterized by shifts from one topic to another?

  • Tangential
  • Loose association
  • Incoherence
  • Derailment (correct)

    • What is the term for the creation of new words, often used to describe a type of disorganized speech?

  • Neologism (correct)
  • Word salad
  • Clang association
  • Loose association

    • Which of the following is a common feature of catatonic behavior?

    <p>Unpredictable agitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of schizophrenia patients exhibit catatonia?

    <p>35%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a clang association?

    <p>My dear, near, seal, here</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a marked decrease in reactivity to the environment?

    <p>Stupor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'pool' mean according to the provided content?

    <p>Puddle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the general population is estimated to have a personality disorder?

    <p>15%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age can Antisocial Personality Disorder be diagnosed?

    <p>Cannot be diagnosed below 18 years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between Cluster A and Cluster B personality disorders?

    <p>Cluster A is eccentric, Cluster B is emotional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common comorbidity of personality disorders?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a psychological explanation for the development of personality disorders?

    <p>Childhood neglect and abuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated percentage of substance-dependent individuals who meet the criteria for a personality disorder?

    <p>60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of Paranoid Personality Disorder?

    <p>Distrust and suspiciousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why personality disorders are often underdiagnosed?

    <p>Ego-syntonic nature of the disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the attachment behavioral system, as described by Bowlby?

    <p>To seek proximity with a caregiver when upset or threatened</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Reactive Attachment Disorder, according to DSM V?

    <p>The child rarely or minimally seeks comfort when distressed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible indicator of insufficient care, according to the DSM V criteria for Reactive Attachment Disorder?

    <p>Frequent changes of primary caregivers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum developmental age required for a diagnosis of Reactive Attachment Disorder?

    <p>9 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder?

    <p>High social and emotional responsiveness to others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible result of neglect, abuse, and attachment deprivation in children?

    <p>Reactive Attachment Disorder or Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the attachment behavioral system, as described by Bowlby?

    <p>It is an evolutionary mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common experience of children with Reactive Attachment Disorder?

    <p>Recurrent changes of primary caregivers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for repetitive, abnormally frequent, non-goal-directed movements in catatonia?

    <p>Stereotypy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of catatonia?

    <p>Increased interest in social interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a reduction in normal behavior, often associated with schizophrenia?

    <p>Negative symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of negative symptoms in schizophrenia?

    <p>Diminished emotional expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a lack of energy and interest in activities, often associated with schizophrenia?

    <p>Avolition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of catatonic excitement?

    <p>Purposeless and excessive motor activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for mimicking another's speech, often associated with catatonia?

    <p>Echolalia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the DSM V, how many symptoms are required to diagnose catatonia?

    <p>3 or more</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of hypervigilance in individuals with PTSD?

    <p>An exaggerated startle response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common dissociative symptom of PTSD?

    <p>Depersonalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of PTSD in children younger than 6 years old?

    <p>Developmentally inappropriate sexual experiences without physical violence or injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a criterion for diagnosing PTSD?

    <p>Duration of the disorder &gt; 1 month</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of 'flashbacks' in PTSD?

    <p>Auditory pseudo-hallucinations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a symptom of PTSD that affects daily life?

    <p>Problems with concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of trauma in children younger than 6 years old?

    <p>Directly experiencing the traumatic event</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a form of expression of PTSD in children younger than 6 years old?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Schizophrenia and Psychosis

    • Visual hallucinations: less common in schizophrenia, more common in chemically induced psychosis
    • Olfactory hallucinations: rare, unpleasant odors
    • Tactile hallucinations: common in alcohol delirium psychotic disorder, e.g. being touched
    • Gustatory hallucinations: unpleasant tastes
    • General somatic hallucinations: feelings of body being mutilated or seriously injured, e.g. bugs crawling inside veins

    Disorganized Thinking and Speech

    • Formal thought disorder: manifested as disorganized speech
    • Symptoms:
      • Shifts from one topic to another (derailment)
      • Little connections in thoughts (loose association)
      • Responses to questions not exactly related or completely unrelated (tangential)
      • Incomprehensible and resembles receptive aphasia in its linguistic disorganization (incoherence or "word salad")
    • Impairs communication
    • Affected by sensitivity to dominant associations to words and less by context

    Disorganized Behavior

    • Grossly disorganized or abnormal motor behavior
    • Variety of manifestations: childlike laughing aloud, unpredictable agitation, poor hygiene, wearing inappropriate clothes or excess clothing
    • Catatonic behavior: most bizarre of all disorganized behaviors, less common due to medication, can occur in several disorders, including neurodevelopmental, psychotic, bipolar, depressive

    Catatonia

    • Marked decrease in reactivity to the environment
    • Symptoms:
      • Resistance to instructions (negativism or opposition)
      • Lack of movement, frozen like (stupor)
      • Lack of communication (mutism)
      • Allowing to be placed in uncomfortable position (waxy flexibility)
    • Can also manifest as purposeless and excessive motor activity without obvious cause (catatonic excitement)
    • Stereotyped movements, staring, grimacing, and echoing of speech

    Negative Symptoms

    • A reduction in normal behavior
    • Usually appear before positive symptoms
    • Associated with schizophrenia
    • Less manifested in other psychotic disorders
    • Two prominent negative symptoms in schizophrenia:
      • Diminished emotional expression: blunted, flattened affect, lack of facial expression, monotonous voice, emotionally unresponsive
      • Avolition: lack of energy and interest in activities, without engagement

    Personality Disorders

    • Cluster A: Odd or eccentric
      • Paranoid PD: pattern of distrust and suspiciousness
      • Schizoid PD: characterized by a lack of emotional expression
      • Schizotypal PD: characterized by a lack of emotional expression and odd behavior
    • Cluster B: Dramatic, emotional, or erratic
      • Antisocial PD: lack of empathy and impulsivity
      • Borderline PD: intense emotional dysregulation and impulsivity
      • Histrionic PD: excessive emotionality and attention-seeking
      • Narcissistic PD: grandiosity and lack of empathy
    • Cluster C: Anxious or fearful
      • Avoidant PD: fear of social rejection and criticism
      • Dependent PD: fear of being alone and submissive behavior
      • Obsessive-Compulsive PD: perfectionism and rigidity

    Reactive Attachment Disorder

    • A response to trauma, neglect, and attachment deprivation
    • Symptoms:
      • Inhibited, emotionally withdrawn behavior toward adult caregivers
      • Minimal social and emotional responsiveness to others
      • Episodes of unexplained irritability, sadness, or fearfulness
    • Can be diagnosed in children as young as 9 months

    PTSD

    • Symptoms:
      • Depersonalization: feeling detached from one's mental processes or body
      • Derealization: feeling of unreality of surroundings
      • Flashbacks with auditory pseudo-hallucinations
    • Criteria for children younger than 6 years old:
      • Directly experiencing the traumatic event(s)
      • Witnessing the event(s) as it occurred to others, especially primary caregivers
      • Expressions:
        • Repetitive play of the trauma themes
        • Frightening dreams don't have to be explicitly representing trauma
        • Specific trauma re-enactment in play
        • Developmental regression

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    Description

    This quiz covers the different types of hallucinations and thought disorders associated with psychosis, including visual, olfactory, tactile, and gustatory hallucinations, as well as formal thought disorders.

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