Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is one common emotional experience that people may report during a depression screening?
What is one common emotional experience that people may report during a depression screening?
Which of these statements about detected depression in UK primary care is correct?
Which of these statements about detected depression in UK primary care is correct?
What aspect is NOT typically included in the psychiatric assessment for a person with depression?
What aspect is NOT typically included in the psychiatric assessment for a person with depression?
What characterizes psychotic depression?
What characterizes psychotic depression?
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Which factor is emphasized in the assessment of someone with potential depression?
Which factor is emphasized in the assessment of someone with potential depression?
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Which screening tool is commonly used in assessing depression in primary care?
Which screening tool is commonly used in assessing depression in primary care?
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What misconception about mental health is commonly associated with societal stigma?
What misconception about mental health is commonly associated with societal stigma?
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What should be assessed regarding a person's risk while evaluating depression?
What should be assessed regarding a person's risk while evaluating depression?
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What is typically the first-line treatment for depression?
What is typically the first-line treatment for depression?
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Which of the following is a common side effect of SSRIs?
Which of the following is a common side effect of SSRIs?
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What is the recommended action if a patient does not respond to antidepressants after 12 weeks?
What is the recommended action if a patient does not respond to antidepressants after 12 weeks?
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What percentage of patients experience a 'large response' to antidepressants compared to those on a placebo?
What percentage of patients experience a 'large response' to antidepressants compared to those on a placebo?
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Which of these medications is less well tolerated than SSRIs?
Which of these medications is less well tolerated than SSRIs?
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What is a common treatment for very severe depression when rapid response is needed?
What is a common treatment for very severe depression when rapid response is needed?
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What should be done to mitigate withdrawal symptoms when discontinuing antidepressants?
What should be done to mitigate withdrawal symptoms when discontinuing antidepressants?
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Which psychological treatment is considered the first-line for depression?
Which psychological treatment is considered the first-line for depression?
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What is the primary aim of Behavioral Activation (BA) in addressing depression?
What is the primary aim of Behavioral Activation (BA) in addressing depression?
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Which of the following best describes a main premise of Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)?
Which of the following best describes a main premise of Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)?
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In Behavioral Activation, which behaviors are often targeted for intervention?
In Behavioral Activation, which behaviors are often targeted for intervention?
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What is a characteristic of Third Wave CBT approaches?
What is a characteristic of Third Wave CBT approaches?
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What role do expectations of relationships play in Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)?
What role do expectations of relationships play in Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)?
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Which of the following roles do clinical psychologists typically engage in?
Which of the following roles do clinical psychologists typically engage in?
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What is a primary focus of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) in physical health?
What is a primary focus of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) in physical health?
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Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a psychological intervention model used in physical health?
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a psychological intervention model used in physical health?
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What evidence has been found regarding the effectiveness of psychological interventions?
What evidence has been found regarding the effectiveness of psychological interventions?
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Which of the following activities is involved in the role of clinical psychologists?
Which of the following activities is involved in the role of clinical psychologists?
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What principle is central to Person-Centred Planning?
What principle is central to Person-Centred Planning?
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Which policy introduced in 2001 emphasized rights and inclusion for people with learning disabilities in the UK?
Which policy introduced in 2001 emphasized rights and inclusion for people with learning disabilities in the UK?
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Which of the following is NOT a criterion for diagnosing Intellectual Disability according to DSM-5?
Which of the following is NOT a criterion for diagnosing Intellectual Disability according to DSM-5?
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What is the primary aim of Positive Behaviour Support?
What is the primary aim of Positive Behaviour Support?
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Common co-morbidities found in children with intellectual disabilities include all of the following EXCEPT:
Common co-morbidities found in children with intellectual disabilities include all of the following EXCEPT:
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What type of implications does Foetal Alcohol Syndrome primarily have on child development?
What type of implications does Foetal Alcohol Syndrome primarily have on child development?
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Which physical health issue is reported in approximately one-quarter of individuals with Intellectual Disability?
Which physical health issue is reported in approximately one-quarter of individuals with Intellectual Disability?
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What percentage of the population is estimated to meet the diagnostic criteria for intellectual disability?
What percentage of the population is estimated to meet the diagnostic criteria for intellectual disability?
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What defines chronic pain or condition?
What defines chronic pain or condition?
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What percentage of children experiences significant chronic illnesses that limit their daily life?
What percentage of children experiences significant chronic illnesses that limit their daily life?
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Which factor is NOT associated with increased service costs in individuals with chronic conditions who do not receive psychological support?
Which factor is NOT associated with increased service costs in individuals with chronic conditions who do not receive psychological support?
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According to the biopsychosocial model, which of the following is considered a psychological factor?
According to the biopsychosocial model, which of the following is considered a psychological factor?
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How much of the NHS budget in England is spent on the population with physical health presentations?
How much of the NHS budget in England is spent on the population with physical health presentations?
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What is one likely outcome of inadequate psychological support for individuals with long-term health conditions?
What is one likely outcome of inadequate psychological support for individuals with long-term health conditions?
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Which of the following statements reflects the concept of mind-body dualism?
Which of the following statements reflects the concept of mind-body dualism?
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Which group is most likely to experience psychological distress due to chronic conditions?
Which group is most likely to experience psychological distress due to chronic conditions?
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Study Notes
Psychosis & Bipolar
- Psychosis Risks: Self-harm, neglect, harm to others. 50-60% admitted within the first episode, often under the Mental Health Act.
- Feasible Home Management: Possible for acute psychosis depending on the risks.
- Immediate Needs Assessment: Assessing and managing risks, history, physical health, personality, coping, support system for acute and severe mental health problems.
- Further Assessment: Diagnosis and further treatment planning.
- Services Available: Acute inpatient wards, crisis houses, day hospitals, early intervention, rehabilitation, primary care, and community mental health teams.
- Psychosis Care Principles: Assessment and reassessment, multidisciplinary approach, and collaboration.
- Holistic Approach: Incorporating consideration of physical health, social care, and recovery.
- Early Intervention for Psychosis: Mandatory in UK since 2001. Specialist services involved from the start, even during inpatient and crisis treatments.
- Antipsychotic Medication: Used to treat positive symptoms. 81% experience improvement with antipsychotics, with 52% improvement without. Most improvements occur in 6 weeks to 6 months. Side effects include: weight gain, metabolic syndromes, motor side effects, sedation, and cardiac arrhythmias.
Bipolar
- Risks in Mania: Severe recklessness, physical illnesses, injury, overspending.
- Interventions: Medication (mood stabilizers such as valproate, carbamazepine, lamotrigine, and lithium), antipsychotics (first in UK for acute states), antidepressants, psychoeducation, social support, CBT.
- General Management: Self-care, calming activities, sleep routines, stress management, coping strategies, relapse identification, collaborative plans with family/support systems, risk management.
- Bipolar Depression: Difficulties distinguishing it from regular depression, less attention to it amidst mania.
- Culture & Diversity: Culture is not static and influenced by factors like social class, geographic location, and generational status. Ethics are individual.
Dementia
- Delayed Diagnosis: Delayed or missed diagnoses in dementia are largely due to individuals not believing they have memory issues (1/3 of people with dementia fail to receive diagnosis)
- Loss of Hippocampus: The hippocampus typically experiences atrophy in Alzheimer's disease.
- Dopamine Deficiency: Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) results in lower dopamine levels.
- Mental Health Care: Primary care workers such as GPs, practice nurses, counselors etc. and mental health workers play a crucial role in providing mental health care
Depression
- DSM-5 Criteria: Five or more of nine symptoms present for two weeks; at least one is depressed mood or loss of interest/pleasure
- Common Symptoms: Depressed mood, decreased interest/pleasure, significant appetite/weight changes, insomnia/hypersomnia, fatigue/loss of energy, psychomotor agitation/retardation, feelings of worthlessness/guilt, decreased ability to concentrate, and recurrent thoughts of death.
- Overlap of Symptoms: Symptoms overlap typically between depression and anxiety. Some symptoms may be normal, but are a concern if affecting daily life.
Anxiety Disorders
- Common Features: Increased heart rate, muscle tension, shallow breathing, sweating, appetite suppression, nausea, and preparation for threats.
- Activation of Autonomic Nervous System: The "fight or flight" response (autonomic nervous system activation) is a core aspect of anxiety disorders.
- Panic Attacks: Characterized by often-difficult-to-treat panic attacks, worries, and fears of heart attack, stroke, or collapse, often coupled with physical symptoms.
Intellectual Disability
- Normalisation Movement: (Denmark 1959) - Individuals with ID should be able to live a normal life.
- Policy & Theory: 2001 Valuing People(UK); 2015 Transforming Care (UK); Person-Centred Planning (International); Positive Behaviour Support (applied science).
- Criteria (DSM-5): Intellectual functioning less than 70 on standardized IQ tests, adaptive functioning challenges, and symptoms that have been present since the developmental period before 18 years of age
- Limitations: Communication difficulties, difficulties with everyday tasks, often misunderstood, and/or stigmatized.
Physical Health Conditions and Mental Health
- Long-Term Health Conditions: Significant chronic conditions that require ongoing management and frequently accompanied by psychological distress, which account for a considerable proportion of NHS budgets.
- Increased costs: Costs increase when psychological support is lacking as well, ranging from 45% - 75% in some cases.
- Mind-Body Dualism: The 17th-century concept of mind and the body as separate entities, underpins the medical model and continues to impact healthcare.
Biopsychosocial Model
- Model Components: Biological factors include genetics, tissue damage, and nervous system characteristics. Psychological factors involve emotions, behaviors, coping mechanisms, beliefs, and attitudes. Social factors encompass environmental factors, cultural norms, relationships, socioeconomic factors, and access to healthcare resources
- Role of Clinical Psychologists: Clinical work, individual work, family & couple therapy, group work, joint work with other professionals, inpatient and outpatient consultation, training, supervision, research, development.
- Relevant Models: Cognitive behavioural therapy(CBT), third-wave approaches (like compassion focused therapy), and solution-focused therapy.
Language & Assumptions
- Language: It is crucial to use clear and simple language, avoiding medical jargon or misinterpretations. Cultural factors also influence language understanding.
- Assumptions: Subtle and often unconscious assumptions influence perceptions and impact service delivery, but the use of simple and everyday language aids in understanding, even in the face of potential assumptions based on cultural factors.
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Description
This quiz evaluates your understanding of psychosis and bipolar disorder care, including risk assessment, available services, and management approaches. It focuses on effective strategies for acute care, diagnosis, and the importance of a holistic treatment plan. Test your knowledge on the various assessments and community support available for individuals experiencing these mental health issues.
