Psychosis and Delusions Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which type of delusion involves misidentifying a spouse as a stranger?

Capgras syndrome (correct)

Othello syndrome

Fregoli syndrome

De Clerambault syndrome

What type of hallucination is commonly associated with schizophrenia?

Auditory hallucinations (correct)

Visual hallucinations

Olfactory hallucinations

Tactile hallucinations

Which syndrome describes the delusion of love or erotomania?

De Clerambault syndrome (correct)

Cotard syndrome

Fregoli syndrome

Othello syndrome

What is the primary characteristic that differentiates true hallucinations from pseudo-hallucinations?

Originating from outer objective space vs inner subjective space Signup and view all the answers

Which type of delusion is associated with severe depression and nihilistic beliefs?

Cotard syndrome Signup and view all the answers

Which condition describes tactile hallucinations commonly linked with cocaine abuse?

Magnan syndrome Signup and view all the answers

Which type of delusion involves the belief that a stranger is a known persecutor?

Fregoli syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of psychotic illness that involves disorganized speech?

Catatonia Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes dysthymia?

Continuous low mood Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is defined as having depressive episodes on top of dysthymia?

Double depression Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum number of episodes required to classify a bipolar disorder as rapid cycling?

4 episodes per year Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a risk factor for rapid cycling disorders?

Hypothyroidism Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is considered the drug of choice for managing rapid cycling bipolar disorder?

Divalproate Signup and view all the answers

In which timeframe do postpartum blues typically occur after delivery?

2-3 days after delivery Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended SSRI for treating postpartum depression?

Sertraline Signup and view all the answers

Which postpartum condition is characterized by thoughts of harming the baby?

Postpartum psychosis Signup and view all the answers

Which therapy is specifically used for treating phobias?

Flooding Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)?

Modifying thought patterns Signup and view all the answers

In the doctor-patient relationship, what does transference refer to?

Patient’s feelings towards the professional Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary goal of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)?

Processing distressing memories Signup and view all the answers

What does the Mental Health Care Act, 2017 allow regarding suicide?

Decriminalization of suicide Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is a form of stress management involving systematic muscle relaxation?

Jacobson progressive muscle relaxation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of habit reversal technique (HRT)?

Changing compulsive behaviors Signup and view all the answers

What does the advanced directive in the Mental Health Care Act include?

Nominated representative and treatment preferences Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes reflex hallucinations?

They are produced by an external stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is classified under first rank symptoms as described by Kurt Schneider?

Thought withdrawal Signup and view all the answers

Which negative symptom represents a lack of pleasure in activities that were once enjoyable?

Anhedonia Signup and view all the answers

What time period is associated with Schizophreniform illness according to DSM criteria?

1-6 months Signup and view all the answers

Which hallucination type occurs beyond the sensory field?

Extracampine hallucinations Signup and view all the answers

What defines a delusion of control?

Somatic passivity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the six A's of negative symptoms?

Aversion Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is categorized under acute transient psychosis for a time period of less than one month?

Bipolar disorder Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is considered a good prognostic indicator for schizophrenia?

Acute onset Signup and view all the answers

What duration of symptoms is required for a diagnosis of schizophrenia according to DSM criteria?

6 months Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about clozapine is true?

It is used for treatment-resistant schizophrenia Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common extrapyramidal symptom associated with antipsychotic exposure?

Akathisia Signup and view all the answers

Which pathway is primarily associated with negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

Mesocortical Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing feature of delusional disorder compared to schizophrenia?

Shorter duration of delusions Signup and view all the answers

Which side effect is associated with clozapine and requires specific monitoring?

Agranulocytosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic of schizophrenia?

Mostly normal functionality Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder when SSRIs fail?

Clomipramine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common compulsion associated with mysophobia?

Hand washing Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of dissociative amnesia?

Forgetfulness of traumatic memory Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is characterized by compulsive hair pulling?

Trichotillomania Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of exposure and response prevention therapy?

To promote habituation and reduce stress Signup and view all the answers

Which substance is used for treating TCA toxicity?

NaHCO3 Signup and view all the answers

Dissociative fugue is characterized by which of the following features?

Loss of primary identity accompanied by purposeful wandering Signup and view all the answers

Labelle indifference is best described as:

Indifference to the severity of symptoms displayed Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Psychosis

Neurotic illness differs from psychotic illness in terms of judgement, insight, and reality contact. Psychotic illness often shows diminished or absent judgement, insight, and poor contact with reality.
Psychotic symptoms include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech/behavior, and thoughts.

Delusions

Delusions are false fixed beliefs, and common types include persecutory, grandiose, and referential delusions.
Othello syndrome involves delusions of infidelity, often seen in alcoholics.
Magnane syndrome combines delusions of persecution with tactile hallucinations, associated with cocaine use.
De Clerambault syndrome involves delusions of love.
Cotard syndrome involves severe depression and nihilistic delusions.

Hallucinations

Hallucinations are perceptions without external stimuli.
Visual hallucinations are often linked to medical conditions.
Auditory hallucinations are commonly observed in schizophrenia.
Tactile hallucinations are sometimes seen in cocaine abuse.
True hallucinations originate from an external source; pseudo-hallucinations originate from an internal source.

Special Hallucinations

Extracampine hallucinations occur beyond the sensory field.
Functional hallucinations require a stimulus to occur, and a similar stimulus produces a similar hallucination.
Examples of hallucinations are described, including olfactory or visual, and their relationship to other symptoms.

Timeline of Psychotic Disorders

Details of different psychotic disorders and their respective timelines are listed, comparing DSM and ICD classifications.

First-Rank Symptoms

Eleven symptoms described by Kurt Schneider, relating to auditory hallucinations, thought phenomena, and somatic passivity.

Negative Symptoms

Negative symptoms are described – characterized by apathy, avolition, and affective flattening. Anhedonia relates to the loss of pleasure; alogia is poverty of thought.

Prognostic Factors of Schizophrenia

Factors that predict a positive or negative outcome in schizophrenia are explained, such as acute/late onset, gender, presence of a stressor, and family support or history.

Delusional Disorder vs Schizophrenia

Differences between delusional disorder and schizophrenia, including the duration of symptoms, types of delusions, and level of functional impairment, are listed in a table format.

Clozapine

Clozapine is an effective antipsychotic drug with the lowest extrapyramidal side effects, used in treatment-resistant schizophrenia.
Side effects, including sedation, weight gain, dyslipidemia, and agranulocytosis (life-threatening), are discussed.
Regular monitoring is crucial to observe the effects of treatment.

Extra Pyramidal Side Effects

Dopaminergic pathways are affected by extrapyramidal side effects (EPS), including mesocortical, mesolimbic, tuberoinfundibular, and nigrostriatal pathways.
Types of EPS are explained, along with their descriptions, such as akathesia, and possible treatment options.

Acute Dystonia

Symptoms of oculogyric crisis and treatment options with anticholinergic and antihistaminic medications are explained.

Chronic EPS

Treatment options, such as VMAT2 inhibitors (for tardive dyskinesia and dystonia), are listed.

Lethal EPS

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a serious side effect from neuroleptics, requiring immediate treatment.

Mood Disorders

Diagnosis of depression is defined, noting that >2 weeks of 5 or more symptoms are required with at least 2 of the core symptoms present. Other possible symptoms are described.
Beck's cognitive triad of depression involves hopelessness, helplessness, and worthlessness.

Atypical Depression

Atypical depression is differentiated from typical depression based on symptom presentation.

Resistant Depression

Resistant depression is categorized by a poor response to common antidepressants and is described as having interpersonal sensitivity, preserved reactivity, and poor response to TCAs.

Antidepressants

Types of antidepressants, including SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) and SNRIs (selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors), are discussed, highlighting their different side effects.

Suicide

The most common method of suicide are detailed.
Risk factors, such as unemployment, mental illness, and access to means/methods are included.
Treatment options like ECT and drugs, including ketamine and lithium, are described.

Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar disorder types, with the symptoms, are described and the management of these disorders.

Rapid Cycling Disorders

Rapid cycling disorder is associated with a greater than 4 episode per year.
Risk factors to develop the disorder are provided, including certain medical conditions.
Treatment and medications are included

Postpartum Mental Illnesses

Post partum mental illnesses are categorized by their onset, duration, and symptoms. This includes blues, psychosis, and depression.

Stress, Trauma, and Anxiety Disorders

This section describes stress, burnout, and life events, classifying symptoms into a stage diagram using D-A-B-D-A. Examples of pathological grief include absent, hypertrophic, chronic, traumatic, delayed, and anniversary grief.

Other Life Events

Acute stress disorder, adjustment disorder, and PTSD are explained with factors such as duration and symptoms, along with appropriate, treatment options.

Complex PTSD

Features of complex PTSD, such as negative self-concept, interpersonal issues, and other symptoms, are outlined.

Anxiety Disorders

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder, and specific anxieties are diagnosed, with an outline of symptoms and treatment protocols, such as relaxation methods.

Somatic Symptoms, OCD, and Dissociation Disorders

Alexithymia, somatic symptom disorder, conversion disorder, and dissociative disorders are mentioned with focus on their description.

Factitious Disorder

Factitious disorder, pseudologica fantastica, and the distinction between factitious disorder and malingering are described

Disorders like OCD, olfactory reference syndrome, body dysmorphic disorder, hoarding disorder, are detailed with their criteria, symptoms, and possible treatments.

Sexual Paraphilias

Sexual paraphilias are described with reference to their behaviors and characteristics in specific contexts, such as fetishist, exhibitionist, voyeurism, and pedophilia and possible treatments.

Neurological Disorders

Neurological disorders such as Wernicke's encephalopathy, with descriptions of the syndrome and its diagnosis, are described.

Neurocognitive Disorders

Neurocognitive disorders, such as delirium and dementia (with Alzheimer's disease subtypes), are covered with specific symptoms and risk factors for these conditions.

Dependence and Alcohol Withdrawal

The symptoms of alcohol withdrawal, including tremors, tachycardia, and increased sweating, are described
The use of drugs to avoid the effects of withdrawal is also indicated.

Additional Notes:

The provided text includes various topics in psychiatry including disorders, symptoms, and treatment approaches.

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Test your knowledge on psychosis, including its differences from neurotic illness, various types of delusions, and hallucinations. Understand the key symptoms and associated syndromes that define psychotic conditions. Dive into the complexities of mental illness and enhance your understanding of these critical concepts.