Psychosis and Delusions Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which type of delusion involves misidentifying a spouse as a stranger?

  • Capgras syndrome (correct)
  • Othello syndrome
  • Fregoli syndrome
  • De Clerambault syndrome

    • What type of hallucination is commonly associated with schizophrenia?

  • Auditory hallucinations (correct)
  • Visual hallucinations
  • Olfactory hallucinations
  • Tactile hallucinations

    • Which syndrome describes the delusion of love or erotomania?

  • De Clerambault syndrome (correct)
  • Cotard syndrome
  • Fregoli syndrome
  • Othello syndrome

    • What is the primary characteristic that differentiates true hallucinations from pseudo-hallucinations?

    <p>Originating from outer objective space vs inner subjective space (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of delusion is associated with severe depression and nihilistic beliefs?

    <p>Cotard syndrome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition describes tactile hallucinations commonly linked with cocaine abuse?

    <p>Magnan syndrome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of delusion involves the belief that a stranger is a known persecutor?

    <p>Fregoli syndrome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of psychotic illness that involves disorganized speech?

    <p>Catatonia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes dysthymia?

    <p>Continuous low mood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder is defined as having depressive episodes on top of dysthymia?

    <p>Double depression (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum number of episodes required to classify a bipolar disorder as rapid cycling?

    <p>4 episodes per year (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a risk factor for rapid cycling disorders?

    <p>Hypothyroidism (B), Antidepressant use without mood stabilizers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is considered the drug of choice for managing rapid cycling bipolar disorder?

    <p>Divalproate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which timeframe do postpartum blues typically occur after delivery?

    <p>2-3 days after delivery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended SSRI for treating postpartum depression?

    <p>Sertraline (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which postpartum condition is characterized by thoughts of harming the baby?

    <p>Postpartum psychosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which therapy is specifically used for treating phobias?

    <p>Flooding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)?

    <p>Modifying thought patterns (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the doctor-patient relationship, what does transference refer to?

    <p>Patient’s feelings towards the professional (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary goal of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)?

    <p>Processing distressing memories (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Mental Health Care Act, 2017 allow regarding suicide?

    <p>Decriminalization of suicide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique is a form of stress management involving systematic muscle relaxation?

    <p>Jacobson progressive muscle relaxation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary aim of habit reversal technique (HRT)?

    <p>Changing compulsive behaviors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the advanced directive in the Mental Health Care Act include?

    <p>Nominated representative and treatment preferences (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes reflex hallucinations?

    <p>They are produced by an external stimulus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is classified under first rank symptoms as described by Kurt Schneider?

    <p>Thought withdrawal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which negative symptom represents a lack of pleasure in activities that were once enjoyable?

    <p>Anhedonia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What time period is associated with Schizophreniform illness according to DSM criteria?

    <p>1-6 months (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hallucination type occurs beyond the sensory field?

    <p>Extracampine hallucinations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a delusion of control?

    <p>Somatic passivity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the six A's of negative symptoms?

    <p>Aversion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder is categorized under acute transient psychosis for a time period of less than one month?

    <p>Bipolar disorder (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is considered a good prognostic indicator for schizophrenia?

    <p>Acute onset (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What duration of symptoms is required for a diagnosis of schizophrenia according to DSM criteria?

    <p>6 months (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about clozapine is true?

    <p>It is used for treatment-resistant schizophrenia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common extrapyramidal symptom associated with antipsychotic exposure?

    <p>Akathisia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway is primarily associated with negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

    <p>Mesocortical (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of delusional disorder compared to schizophrenia?

    <p>Shorter duration of delusions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which side effect is associated with clozapine and requires specific monitoring?

    <p>Agranulocytosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic of schizophrenia?

    <p>Mostly normal functionality (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder when SSRIs fail?

    <p>Clomipramine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common compulsion associated with mysophobia?

    <p>Hand washing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of dissociative amnesia?

    <p>Forgetfulness of traumatic memory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder is characterized by compulsive hair pulling?

    <p>Trichotillomania (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of exposure and response prevention therapy?

    <p>To promote habituation and reduce stress (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is used for treating TCA toxicity?

    <p>NaHCO3 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dissociative fugue is characterized by which of the following features?

    <p>Loss of primary identity accompanied by purposeful wandering (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Labelle indifference is best described as:

    <p>Indifference to the severity of symptoms displayed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Psychotic illness

    A mental illness where someone loses touch with reality and experiences symptoms like delusions and hallucinations.

    Delusions

    Fixed, false beliefs that someone holds strongly despite evidence to the contrary.

    Persecutory delusion

    A delusion where someone believes they are being persecuted or harmed by others.

    Grandiose delusion

    A delusion where someone believes they have extraordinary abilities, wealth, or power.

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    Referential delusion

    A delusion where someone believes that everything around them is a sign or message directed at them.

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    Hallucinations

    Experiencing sensory perceptions (sight, sound, touch, etc.) that are not actually real.

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    True hallucination

    A type of hallucination that feels like it's coming from the external world, like someone talking.

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    Pseudo-hallucination

    A type of hallucination that feels like it's coming from inside the mind, like thoughts.

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    Extracampine Hallucinations

    Hallucinations perceived beyond the primary sensory field, e.g., seeing a visual stimulus and experiencing an auditory hallucination.

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    Functional Hallucinations

    Hallucinations arising in response to a stimulus, but in a different sensory modality. Example: a visual stimulus triggering an auditory hallucination.

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    Reflex Hallucinations

    Hallucinations that directly follow a stimulus, but within the same sensory modality. Example: a physical touch producing a feeling of burning.

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    First Rank Symptoms

    A set of 11 symptoms described by Kurt Schneider related to severe psychosis.

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    Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia

    A group of symptoms that involve a decrease in normal behavior and functioning.

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    Anhedonia

    Loss of enjoyment in activities that were previously pleasurable.

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    Alogia

    Reduced speech output, often characterized by a lack of content and spontaneous speech.

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    Avolition

    Decreased motivation and goal-directed behavior.

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    Delusional Disorder

    Presence of symptoms for over a month with predominantly single delusions.

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    Schizophrenia

    Presence of symptoms for over 6 months involving multiple psychopathologies like delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking.

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    Agranulocytosis

    A rare but potentially fatal side effect of Clozapine, characterized by a decrease in white blood cells, especially neutrophils.

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    Clozapine

    The most effective antipsychotic medication, known for its low risk of extrapyramidal side effects.

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    Akathisia

    A movement disorder characterized by inner restlessness and involuntary movements, primarily affecting the lower limbs.

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    Extrapyramidal Side Effects (EPS)

    These are side effects of antipsychotic medications affecting movement and muscle control.

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    Tuberoinfundibular Pathway

    This pathway is involved in the regulation of prolactin levels in the body.

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    Mesocortical Pathway

    This pathway is associated with the development of negative symptoms of schizophrenia, such as apathy and social withdrawal.

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    Dysthymia

    A mood disorder characterized by persistent and mild depression, lasting at least two years.

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    Cyclothymia

    A mood disorder with alternating periods of hypomania (elevated mood) and depressive symptoms, less severe than bipolar I disorder.

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    Double Depression

    A mood disorder characterized by major depressive episodes occurring on top of a long-standing dysthymic disorder.

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    Rapid Cycling Disorder

    Bipolar disorder with at least four mood episodes (manic, hypomanic, or depressive) in a year.

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    Postpartum Blues

    A condition that occurs after childbirth, characterized by mood swings, anxiety, and tearfulness.

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    Postpartum Psychosis

    A severe mental illness that occurs after childbirth, characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and thoughts of harming the baby.

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    Postpartum Depression

    A mood disorder that occurs after childbirth, characterized by persistent sadness, fatigue, and loss of interest.

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    Brexanolone

    A specific medication used to treat postpartum depression.

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    Body dysmorphic disorder

    A mental disorder characterized by excessive preoccupation with perceived flaws in physical appearance, often leading to repetitive behaviors like mirror checking or excessive grooming.

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    Bodily focused repetitive behavior disorder

    A mental disorder where individuals engage in repetitive behaviors focused on their body, such as skin picking, hair pulling, or nail biting, causing distress and impairment.

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    Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

    A mental disorder where individuals experience obsessive thoughts about contamination and repeatedly engage in behaviors like excessive handwashing to reduce anxiety.

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    Mysophobia

    A type of OCD obsession where individuals are preoccupied with the fear of contamination by dirt or germs. They might engage in excessive cleaning, handwashing, or avoiding contact with potentially contaminated surfaces.

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    Handwashing compulsion

    A type of OCD compulsion where individuals repeatedly wash their hands, often for prolonged periods and with excessive use of soap and water.

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    Exposure and response prevention (ERP)

    A type of OCD treatment involving gradually exposing the individual to their feared situations or triggers while preventing them from engaging in their usual compulsive behaviors.

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    Dissociative disorders

    A mental disorder where individuals experience a disturbance in their sense of identity, memory, or consciousness, leading to feelings of detachment from themselves or their surroundings.

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    Transference

    Feelings that a patient develops towards their therapist, which can be positive or negative.

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    Dissociative amnesia

    A mental disorder where individuals experience a loss of memory for a specific time period, often related to a traumatic event or stressful experience. They may not be able to recall personal information or past events.

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    Counter-transference

    Feelings that a therapist develops towards their patient, which can be positive or negative.

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    Abreaction

    The process of releasing pent-up emotions through talking in therapy sessions, leading to catharsis.

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    Catharsis

    The process of expressing feelings verbally, which helps the patient feel safe and comfortable to share.

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    Advanced Directive (Mental Health Care Act, 2017)

    A registered document that outlines an individual's wishes for future mental healthcare, covering treatment and non-treatment preferences, as well as appointing a representative.

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    Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

    A therapy technique that focuses on identifying and changing unhelpful thought patterns and behavioral responses.

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    Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT)

    A type of therapy that focuses on improving relationships and social skills.

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    Study Notes

    Psychosis

    • Neurotic illness differs from psychotic illness in terms of judgement, insight, and reality contact. Psychotic illness often shows diminished or absent judgement, insight, and poor contact with reality.

    • Psychotic symptoms include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech/behavior, and thoughts.

    Delusions

    • Delusions are false fixed beliefs, and common types include persecutory, grandiose, and referential delusions.
    • Othello syndrome involves delusions of infidelity, often seen in alcoholics.
    • Magnane syndrome combines delusions of persecution with tactile hallucinations, associated with cocaine use.
    • De Clerambault syndrome involves delusions of love.
    • Cotard syndrome involves severe depression and nihilistic delusions.

    Hallucinations

    • Hallucinations are perceptions without external stimuli.
    • Visual hallucinations are often linked to medical conditions.
    • Auditory hallucinations are commonly observed in schizophrenia.
    • Tactile hallucinations are sometimes seen in cocaine abuse.
    • True hallucinations originate from an external source; pseudo-hallucinations originate from an internal source.

    Special Hallucinations

    • Extracampine hallucinations occur beyond the sensory field.
    • Functional hallucinations require a stimulus to occur, and a similar stimulus produces a similar hallucination.
    • Examples of hallucinations are described, including olfactory or visual, and their relationship to other symptoms.

    Timeline of Psychotic Disorders

    • Details of different psychotic disorders and their respective timelines are listed, comparing DSM and ICD classifications.

    First-Rank Symptoms

    • Eleven symptoms described by Kurt Schneider, relating to auditory hallucinations, thought phenomena, and somatic passivity.

    Negative Symptoms

    • Negative symptoms are described – characterized by apathy, avolition, and affective flattening. Anhedonia relates to the loss of pleasure; alogia is poverty of thought.

    Prognostic Factors of Schizophrenia

    • Factors that predict a positive or negative outcome in schizophrenia are explained, such as acute/late onset, gender, presence of a stressor, and family support or history.

    Delusional Disorder vs Schizophrenia

    • Differences between delusional disorder and schizophrenia, including the duration of symptoms, types of delusions, and level of functional impairment, are listed in a table format.

    Clozapine

    • Clozapine is an effective antipsychotic drug with the lowest extrapyramidal side effects, used in treatment-resistant schizophrenia.
    • Side effects, including sedation, weight gain, dyslipidemia, and agranulocytosis (life-threatening), are discussed.
    • Regular monitoring is crucial to observe the effects of treatment.

    Extra Pyramidal Side Effects

    • Dopaminergic pathways are affected by extrapyramidal side effects (EPS), including mesocortical, mesolimbic, tuberoinfundibular, and nigrostriatal pathways.
    • Types of EPS are explained, along with their descriptions, such as akathesia, and possible treatment options.

    Acute Dystonia

    • Symptoms of oculogyric crisis and treatment options with anticholinergic and antihistaminic medications are explained.

    Chronic EPS

    • Treatment options, such as VMAT2 inhibitors (for tardive dyskinesia and dystonia), are listed.

    Lethal EPS

    • Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a serious side effect from neuroleptics, requiring immediate treatment.

    Mood Disorders

    • Diagnosis of depression is defined, noting that >2 weeks of 5 or more symptoms are required with at least 2 of the core symptoms present. Other possible symptoms are described.
    • Beck's cognitive triad of depression involves hopelessness, helplessness, and worthlessness.

    Atypical Depression

    • Atypical depression is differentiated from typical depression based on symptom presentation.

    Resistant Depression

    • Resistant depression is categorized by a poor response to common antidepressants and is described as having interpersonal sensitivity, preserved reactivity, and poor response to TCAs.

    Antidepressants

    • Types of antidepressants, including SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) and SNRIs (selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors), are discussed, highlighting their different side effects.

    Suicide

    • The most common method of suicide are detailed.
    • Risk factors, such as unemployment, mental illness, and access to means/methods are included.
    • Treatment options like ECT and drugs, including ketamine and lithium, are described.

    Bipolar Disorder

    • Bipolar disorder types, with the symptoms, are described and the management of these disorders.

    Rapid Cycling Disorders

    • Rapid cycling disorder is associated with a greater than 4 episode per year.
    • Risk factors to develop the disorder are provided, including certain medical conditions.
    • Treatment and medications are included

    Postpartum Mental Illnesses

    • Post partum mental illnesses are categorized by their onset, duration, and symptoms. This includes blues, psychosis, and depression.

    Stress, Trauma, and Anxiety Disorders

    • This section describes stress, burnout, and life events, classifying symptoms into a stage diagram using D-A-B-D-A. Examples of pathological grief include absent, hypertrophic, chronic, traumatic, delayed, and anniversary grief.

    Other Life Events

    • Acute stress disorder, adjustment disorder, and PTSD are explained with factors such as duration and symptoms, along with appropriate, treatment options.

    Complex PTSD

    • Features of complex PTSD, such as negative self-concept, interpersonal issues, and other symptoms, are outlined.

    Anxiety Disorders

    • Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder, and specific anxieties are diagnosed, with an outline of symptoms and treatment protocols, such as relaxation methods.

    Somatic Symptoms, OCD, and Dissociation Disorders

    • Alexithymia, somatic symptom disorder, conversion disorder, and dissociative disorders are mentioned with focus on their description.

    Factitious Disorder

    • Factitious disorder, pseudologica fantastica, and the distinction between factitious disorder and malingering are described
    • Disorders like OCD, olfactory reference syndrome, body dysmorphic disorder, hoarding disorder, are detailed with their criteria, symptoms, and possible treatments.

    Sexual Paraphilias

    • Sexual paraphilias are described with reference to their behaviors and characteristics in specific contexts, such as fetishist, exhibitionist, voyeurism, and pedophilia and possible treatments.

    Neurological Disorders

    • Neurological disorders such as Wernicke's encephalopathy, with descriptions of the syndrome and its diagnosis, are described.

    Neurocognitive Disorders

    • Neurocognitive disorders, such as delirium and dementia (with Alzheimer's disease subtypes), are covered with specific symptoms and risk factors for these conditions.

    Dependence and Alcohol Withdrawal

    • The symptoms of alcohol withdrawal, including tremors, tachycardia, and increased sweating, are described
    • The use of drugs to avoid the effects of withdrawal is also indicated.

    Additional Notes:

    • The provided text includes various topics in psychiatry including disorders, symptoms, and treatment approaches.

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