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Questions and Answers
Which neurotransmitters do antidepressants interact with?
Which group of antidepressants includes desvenlafaxine and venlafaxine?
What are the off-label uses of antidepressants?
What are the potential side effects of cyclic antidepressants?
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When did the cyclic compounds become available?
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What positive effect did MAO inhibitors (MAOIs) have on people with depression?
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What is the first choice in treating depression due to equal efficacy and fewer side effects?
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What is the first and only medication that can be given once a week as maintenance therapy for depression?
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Which neurotransmitter systems in the brain do antidepressants interact with?
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Which type of antidepressants block the reuptake of serotonin?
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When are SSRIs effective in treating depression?
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What are common side effects of SSRIs?
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Which type of antidepressant is being studied as a potentially safer alternative to oral MAOIs for depression treatment?
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Which antidepressant may cause seizures at a rate four times that of other antidepressants?
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What is a potential fatal interaction with MAOIs mentioned in the text?
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Which side effect is commonly associated with Nefazodone?
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What can result from taking an MAOI and an SSRI at the same time or too close to the end of therapy with the other?
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What is the most established mood stabilizer according to the text?
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What are the major categories of antidepressants mentioned in the text?
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What neurotransmitters are believed to be linked to depression due to decreased levels?
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What is the most frequently prescribed and effective type of antidepressant for most clients?
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What is the lag period before tricyclic antidepressants show efficacy?
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What is the recommended timeline for improvement with SSRIs mentioned in the text?
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How long does evidence suggest antidepressant therapy should be to reduce relapse in people with depression?
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Which anticonvulsant can cause serious rashes, including Stevens-Johnson syndrome and life-threatening toxic epidermal necrolysis, particularly in children under 16 years?
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What is the mechanism of action of lithium in bipolar illness primarily related to?
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What is the therapeutic serum lithium level recommended for effective treatment?
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Which anticonvulsant increases levels of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA?
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What is a common side effect of lithium therapy?
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What is a potential side effect of carbamazepine and valproic acid?
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Which anticonvulsant can cause serious rashes, including Stevens-Johnson syndrome and life-threatening toxic epidermal necrolysis, particularly in children under 16 years?
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What is the mechanism of action of lithium in bipolar illness?
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How is the effective dosage of lithium determined?
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Which anticonvulsant increases levels of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA?
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What are common side effects of lithium therapy?
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What is a key aspect of client teaching for clients taking lithium and anticonvulsants?
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Study Notes
Mood Stabilizers and Anticonvulsants in the Treatment of Bipolar Disorder
- Other anticonvulsants used for mood stabilization include gabapentin, topiramate, oxcarbazepine, and lamotrigine, with occasional use of clonazepam for acute mania.
- Lamotrigine can cause serious rashes, including Stevens-Johnson syndrome and life-threatening toxic epidermal necrolysis, particularly in children under 16 years.
- Mechanism of action of lithium in bipolar illness is not fully understood, but it normalizes the reuptake of certain neurotransmitters and reduces the release of norepinephrine.
- Anticonvulsants like valproic acid and topiramate increase levels of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA, while valproic acid and carbamazepine stabilize mood by inhibiting the kindling process.
- Lithium is considered a first-line agent in the treatment of bipolar disorder.
- Effective dosage of lithium is determined by monitoring serum lithium levels, with daily dosages ranging from 900 to 3,600 mg, and the therapeutic serum lithium level should be about 1 mEq/L.
- Facilities for serum lithium determinations are required to monitor therapy as lithium toxicity is closely related to serum lithium levels.
- Carbamazepine is available in liquid, tablet, and chewable tablet forms, with dosages usually ranging from 800 to 1,200 mg/day.
- Valproic acid is available in liquid, tablet, and capsule forms, with dosages ranging from 1,000 to 1,500 mg/day.
- Common side effects of lithium therapy include mild nausea or diarrhea, fine hand tremor, polydipsia, polyuria, metallic taste in the mouth, and fatigue or lethargy.
- Side effects of carbamazepine and valproic acid include drowsiness, sedation, dry mouth, blurred vision, rashes, orthostatic hypotension, weight gain, alopecia, and hand tremor.
- Client teaching for clients taking lithium and anticonvulsants includes monitoring blood levels periodically, taking medications with meals to minimize nausea, and refraining from driving until certain side effects have subsided.
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Description
Test your knowledge of psychopharmacology with these quizzes on antidepressant treatment and prognosis, as well as mood stabilizers and anticonvulsants in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Explore major categories of antidepressants, choice of medication, mechanisms of action, specific side effects, and dosage monitoring. Delve into the use of mood stabilizers and anticonvulsants, common side effects, and client teaching considerations.
