Psychopathology Chapters 1-4 Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What was a major focus of the biological tradition in mental health treatment in the late 19th century?

Psychosocial treatment approaches

Reduction of medication side effects

Diagnosis over treatment (correct)

Social influences on behavior

Which discovery by Benjamin Franklin contributed to early mental health treatments?

Chaining patients reduces violent behavior

Mild electric shocks cause panic attacks

Mild electric shocks induce brief memory loss (correct)

Heavy sedation is more effective than talk therapy

What was the result of the increased patient numbers in asylums during the decline of moral therapy?

Ineffective application of moral therapies (correct)

Improvement in treatment quality

Reintroduction of chains for restraints

Return to physical interventions only

Who was instrumental in advocating the major ideas of the biological tradition and distinguished among disorders?

Emil Kraepelin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT a focus of psychosocial treatment as described in the psychological tradition?

Using only physical interventions Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant method used in the 1930s for treating severe psychological disorders?

Electric shock and brain surgery Signup and view all the answers

What was the main contribution of Dorothea Dix to mental health care?

Advocating for mental hygiene and reform Signup and view all the answers

Which class of drugs developed in the 1950s was specifically aimed at reducing anxiety?

Benzodiazepines Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher emphasized the importance of social environment and early learning in understanding psychopathology?

Aristotle Signup and view all the answers

What was a drawback of the biological tradition's treatment methods as identified in the late 19th century?

Reduction in the use of active interventions Signup and view all the answers

Who is considered the founder of behaviorism?

John B. Watson Signup and view all the answers

What is systematic desensitization primarily used to treat?

Specific phobias Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of operant conditioning?

Learning through reinforcement and punishment Signup and view all the answers

What does the law of effect suggest?

Consequences influence the likelihood of behavior being repeated. Signup and view all the answers

What does the diathesis-stress model explain?

How environmental events can activate inherited tendencies. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a one-dimensional model of psychopathology?

It attributes behavior to a single cause. Signup and view all the answers

According to genetic studies, what is the estimated heritability range for traits like shyness?

30-50% Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary limitation of genetic factors in explaining psychopathology?

They generally provide less than half of the explanation. Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves reinforcing successive approximations to achieve a desired behavior?

Shaping Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'reinforcement' denote in operant conditioning?

Any event that strengthens a behavior. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of the mind operates according to the pleasure principle?

Id Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the release of emotional material in therapy?

Catharsis Signup and view all the answers

Which defense mechanism involves redirecting emotions to a less threatening target?

Displacement Signup and view all the answers

During which psychosexual stage is a child's focus primarily on oral activities?

Oral stage Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of behaviorism as a psychological approach?

Behavior modification through reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the fear a boy experiences concerning possible castration associated with his father?

Castration anxiety Signup and view all the answers

Which psychoanalytic component mediates conflicts between the id and the superego?

Ego Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of the primary process of thinking as described by psychoanalytic theory?

Emotionally driven and illogical Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of sublimation function as a defense mechanism?

Redirection of feelings to constructive actions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a key component of Freud's psychosexual development theory?

Appropriate gratification during specific stages Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the superego in Freud's model of the mind?

To enforce moral standards Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior modification technique was pioneered by Pavlov?

Classical conditioning Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines projection as a defense mechanism?

Ascribing one's unacceptable thoughts to another Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary factor to consider in clinical assessment of psychological disorders?

Systematic evaluation of psychological, biological, and social factors Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of equifinality in developmental psychology imply?

Multiple paths can lead to the same psychological outcome Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of reliability assesses whether two raters arrive at the same diagnosis?

Inter-rater reliability Signup and view all the answers

Which type of validity compares the results of an assessment measure with outcomes of established measures?

Concurrent validity Signup and view all the answers

During a mental status exam, which category assesses the physical demeanor and facial expressions of an individual?

Appearance and behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of standardization in clinical assessments?

It ensures consistent use across different populations Signup and view all the answers

How is predictive validity defined in the context of psychological assessment?

The capability to foresee future mental health outcomes Signup and view all the answers

Which gender-related consideration might influence the development of phobias?

Societal expectations and gender roles Signup and view all the answers

Which assessment technique evaluates an individual's current behavior and emotional state during an interaction?

Clinical interview Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the global burden of disease is accounted for by mental disorders?

13% Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the 5-HTT gene in relation to depression?

It is implicated in the likelihood of developing depression. Signup and view all the answers

How do environmental factors influence gene expression according to the Gene-Environment Correlation Model?

They may override genetic contributions to behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What effect do antagonists have on neurotransmitters?

They decrease or block the neurotransmitters' effects. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of GABA in the nervous system?

It inhibits the transmission of information and reduces anxiety. Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is associated with low levels leading to extreme anxiety?

GABA Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is implicated in schizophrenia due to its high activity in patients?

Dopamine Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is associated with low serotonin levels?

Increased impulsivity and aggression Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of the anterior cingulate cortex?

Control of the pain response. Signup and view all the answers

What does learned helplessness demonstrate in animals?

A tendency to withdraw from attempts to control experiences. Signup and view all the answers

How does emotional affect differ from mood?

Affect refers to immediate responses while mood is more prolonged. Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred about the relationship between stress and genetic predisposition?

Stress can trigger genetic predispositions for certain behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action associated with excitatory neurotransmitters?

Increase the likelihood that the connecting neuron will fire. Signup and view all the answers

What is one effect of SSRIs on serotonin activity?

They enhance serotonin availability in the synaptic cleft. Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates prepared learning from other learning types?

It is a pre-evolved capability to learn about certain threats. Signup and view all the answers

What primary assumption does the classical categorical approach to diagnosis rely on?

Each diagnosis has a clear underlying cause. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the prototypical approach to diagnosis?

It identifies essential characteristics while allowing for nonessential variations. Signup and view all the answers

What is a major criticism of DSM-5's diagnostic categories?

The categories are considered too rigid and 'fuzzy'. Signup and view all the answers

What does internal validity measure in a research study?

The accuracy in determining the cause-and-effect relationship. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about correlation is true?

Correlation demonstrates a statistical relationship between two variables. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a control group in an experiment?

To ensure that results are solely due to the independent variable. Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'statistical significance' in research?

The differences observed are likely not due to chance. Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates a randomized controlled trial from other clinical trials?

It includes randomization and control conditions for comparisons. Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'withdrawal design' in single-case experimental designs aim to achieve?

To establish a baseline without treatment. Signup and view all the answers

What methodological issue does the 'patient uniformity myth' refer to?

The assumption that all participants share the same characteristics. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the challenges related to epidemiological research?

It often cannot establish causation between variables. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an element of a well-defined hypothesis?

Statistical significance. Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a primary focus of outcome research?

Evaluating the actual results of a treatment. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Psychopathology Notes-Chapters 1-4

Understanding Psychopathology
- Psychological disorder: a psychological dysfunction within an individual associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typically or culturally expected.
- Examples include phobias, characterized by marked and persistent fears of objects or situations.
- Psychological dysfunction involves a breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning, which can exist along a spectrum or dimension.
- Distress or Impairment:
  - Defining disorders solely by distress can be problematic.
  - Impairment is useful, but not the sole criterion for determining if a psychological dysfunction exists.
  - Most psychological disorders are expressions of normal emotions, behaviors, and cognitive processes.
  - Atypical or Not Culturally Expected:
    - Abnormal behavior: deviates significantly from the average or is not consistent with societal norms.
    - Eccentric behavior may deviate from the average but is not considered a disorder.
An Accepted Definition (DSM-5)
- Psychological disorder: behavioral, psychological, or biological dysfunctions that are unexpected in their cultural context. -Associated with present distress and impairment in functioning or increased risk of death, pain, or impairment.
The Science of Psychopathology
- Psychopathology: the scientific study of psychological disorders
- Special professionals including clinical/counseling psychologists, psychiatrists, psychiatric social workers, psychiatric nurses, marriage and family therapists, and mental health counselors.
- Scientist-practitioners: mental health professionals who take a scientific approach to their clinical work, keeping up-to-date on the latest scientific developments and evaluating assessments/treatments.
- Clinical description
- Presenting problem: reason a person comes to a clinic; the primary concern.
Historical Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior
- Supernatural tradition: Historically, physical and mental disorders were considered the work of the devil or demons.
  - Treatments such as exorcism.
- Biological tradition: disorders are caused by brain pathology or head trauma.
  - Hippocrates believed in psychological disorders being a disease.
The Humoral Theory
- Normal brain functioning is related to four bodily fluids (blood, black bile, yellow bile, phlegm).
- Excess of any fluid is linked to psychological dysfunction.
- Associated with the idea of treating psychological disorders by correcting imbalances in the bodily fluids.
The Development of Biological Treatments
- 1930s: physical interventions like electro-shock therapy and brain surgery were used to treat psychological disorders.
- 1950s: introduction of effective medications (e.g., psychotropics).
- 19th Century: a scientific approach to psychological disorders and their classification began.
The Psychological Tradition
- Plato and Aristotle believed the environment and cultural influences play a role in psychopathology
- Moral Therapy: focused on treating institutionalized patients in ways that encouraged normal social interaction
- Psychopathology: a specific field of study
Psychoanalytic Theory
- Focused on fantasies, dreams
- Id, Ego (mediates), and Superego, operating with the "pleasure principle," "reality principle," and "moral principle," respectively.
- Defense Mechanisms (e.g., Denial, Displacement, Projection): unconscious processes that protect the individual from unacceptable thoughts or feelings.
Behavioral Model
- Classical Conditioning (Pavlov, Watson): learning through association.
- Operant Conditioning (Skinner): learning through consequences.
Study of Genetics
- Genes influence behavior, but the environment plays a critical role as well; sometimes interaction is more complex
- Heritability calculations for some traits (like activity levels, shyness) can vary but often fall within 30 to 50%.
Neurological Interventions
- Neurotransmitters: Brain chemicals that transmit information from one neuron to another.
- Imbalances in neurotransmitters have been associated with various disorders.
- Neuroimaging techniques (e.g., EEG, PET scans, MRI) are used to study the structure and function of the brain.
Classifying Disorders (DSM-5)
- Nomothetic strategy: determining a general class of problems.
- Categorical and Dimensional approaches to understanding disorders which highlight potential comorbidity issues.
- Focus on reliability of diagnostic criteria in mental health assessments.

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Test your understanding of the key concepts discussed in Chapters 1-4 of Psychopathology. This quiz covers definitions, examples, and classifications of psychological disorders. Explore the underlying criteria for identifying psychological dysfunctions and their implications.