Psychopathology Chapters 1-4 Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What was a major focus of the biological tradition in mental health treatment in the late 19th century?

  • Psychosocial treatment approaches
  • Reduction of medication side effects
  • Diagnosis over treatment (correct)
  • Social influences on behavior

Which discovery by Benjamin Franklin contributed to early mental health treatments?

  • Chaining patients reduces violent behavior
  • Mild electric shocks cause panic attacks
  • Mild electric shocks induce brief memory loss (correct)
  • Heavy sedation is more effective than talk therapy

What was the result of the increased patient numbers in asylums during the decline of moral therapy?

  • Ineffective application of moral therapies (correct)
  • Improvement in treatment quality
  • Reintroduction of chains for restraints
  • Return to physical interventions only

Who was instrumental in advocating the major ideas of the biological tradition and distinguished among disorders?

<p>Emil Kraepelin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT a focus of psychosocial treatment as described in the psychological tradition?

<p>Using only physical interventions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant method used in the 1930s for treating severe psychological disorders?

<p>Electric shock and brain surgery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main contribution of Dorothea Dix to mental health care?

<p>Advocating for mental hygiene and reform (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of drugs developed in the 1950s was specifically aimed at reducing anxiety?

<p>Benzodiazepines (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher emphasized the importance of social environment and early learning in understanding psychopathology?

<p>Aristotle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a drawback of the biological tradition's treatment methods as identified in the late 19th century?

<p>Reduction in the use of active interventions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is considered the founder of behaviorism?

<p>John B. Watson (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is systematic desensitization primarily used to treat?

<p>Specific phobias (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of operant conditioning?

<p>Learning through reinforcement and punishment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the law of effect suggest?

<p>Consequences influence the likelihood of behavior being repeated. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the diathesis-stress model explain?

<p>How environmental events can activate inherited tendencies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a one-dimensional model of psychopathology?

<p>It attributes behavior to a single cause. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to genetic studies, what is the estimated heritability range for traits like shyness?

<p>30-50% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary limitation of genetic factors in explaining psychopathology?

<p>They generally provide less than half of the explanation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves reinforcing successive approximations to achieve a desired behavior?

<p>Shaping (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'reinforcement' denote in operant conditioning?

<p>Any event that strengthens a behavior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of the mind operates according to the pleasure principle?

<p>Id (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the release of emotional material in therapy?

<p>Catharsis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which defense mechanism involves redirecting emotions to a less threatening target?

<p>Displacement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which psychosexual stage is a child's focus primarily on oral activities?

<p>Oral stage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of behaviorism as a psychological approach?

<p>Behavior modification through reinforcement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the fear a boy experiences concerning possible castration associated with his father?

<p>Castration anxiety (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which psychoanalytic component mediates conflicts between the id and the superego?

<p>Ego (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of the primary process of thinking as described by psychoanalytic theory?

<p>Emotionally driven and illogical (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of sublimation function as a defense mechanism?

<p>Redirection of feelings to constructive actions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a key component of Freud's psychosexual development theory?

<p>Appropriate gratification during specific stages (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the superego in Freud's model of the mind?

<p>To enforce moral standards (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior modification technique was pioneered by Pavlov?

<p>Classical conditioning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines projection as a defense mechanism?

<p>Ascribing one's unacceptable thoughts to another (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary factor to consider in clinical assessment of psychological disorders?

<p>Systematic evaluation of psychological, biological, and social factors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of equifinality in developmental psychology imply?

<p>Multiple paths can lead to the same psychological outcome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of reliability assesses whether two raters arrive at the same diagnosis?

<p>Inter-rater reliability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of validity compares the results of an assessment measure with outcomes of established measures?

<p>Concurrent validity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During a mental status exam, which category assesses the physical demeanor and facial expressions of an individual?

<p>Appearance and behavior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of standardization in clinical assessments?

<p>It ensures consistent use across different populations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is predictive validity defined in the context of psychological assessment?

<p>The capability to foresee future mental health outcomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gender-related consideration might influence the development of phobias?

<p>Societal expectations and gender roles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which assessment technique evaluates an individual's current behavior and emotional state during an interaction?

<p>Clinical interview (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the global burden of disease is accounted for by mental disorders?

<p>13% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the 5-HTT gene in relation to depression?

<p>It is implicated in the likelihood of developing depression. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do environmental factors influence gene expression according to the Gene-Environment Correlation Model?

<p>They may override genetic contributions to behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect do antagonists have on neurotransmitters?

<p>They decrease or block the neurotransmitters' effects. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of GABA in the nervous system?

<p>It inhibits the transmission of information and reduces anxiety. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is associated with low levels leading to extreme anxiety?

<p>GABA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is implicated in schizophrenia due to its high activity in patients?

<p>Dopamine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is associated with low serotonin levels?

<p>Increased impulsivity and aggression (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of the anterior cingulate cortex?

<p>Control of the pain response. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does learned helplessness demonstrate in animals?

<p>A tendency to withdraw from attempts to control experiences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does emotional affect differ from mood?

<p>Affect refers to immediate responses while mood is more prolonged. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred about the relationship between stress and genetic predisposition?

<p>Stress can trigger genetic predispositions for certain behaviors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action associated with excitatory neurotransmitters?

<p>Increase the likelihood that the connecting neuron will fire. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one effect of SSRIs on serotonin activity?

<p>They enhance serotonin availability in the synaptic cleft. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates prepared learning from other learning types?

<p>It is a pre-evolved capability to learn about certain threats. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary assumption does the classical categorical approach to diagnosis rely on?

<p>Each diagnosis has a clear underlying cause. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the prototypical approach to diagnosis?

<p>It identifies essential characteristics while allowing for nonessential variations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major criticism of DSM-5's diagnostic categories?

<p>The categories are considered too rigid and 'fuzzy'. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does internal validity measure in a research study?

<p>The accuracy in determining the cause-and-effect relationship. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about correlation is true?

<p>Correlation demonstrates a statistical relationship between two variables. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a control group in an experiment?

<p>To ensure that results are solely due to the independent variable. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'statistical significance' in research?

<p>The differences observed are likely not due to chance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates a randomized controlled trial from other clinical trials?

<p>It includes randomization and control conditions for comparisons. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'withdrawal design' in single-case experimental designs aim to achieve?

<p>To establish a baseline without treatment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What methodological issue does the 'patient uniformity myth' refer to?

<p>The assumption that all participants share the same characteristics. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the challenges related to epidemiological research?

<p>It often cannot establish causation between variables. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an element of a well-defined hypothesis?

<p>Statistical significance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a primary focus of outcome research?

<p>Evaluating the actual results of a treatment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Biological tradition of mental illness

The belief that mental illness stems from physical causes, needing physical interventions for treatment.

Electric shock treatment

A physical intervention for mental illness, using electric shocks to induce seizures.

Brain surgery

Physical treatment of mental illness using surgical procedures on the brain.

Moral Therapy

Treating patients in a humane way, while fostering normal social interactions in mental hospitals.

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Asylum Reform

The improvement of care in asylums, a result of moral therapy, leading more humane and supportive living environment for mental patients.

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Dorothea Dix

A 19th-century advocate for mental health reform, campaigning to improve care for the mentally ill.

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Mental Hygiene Movement

A social movement that advocated for the humane treatment of the mentally ill, often leading to improved quality of life inside facilities.

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Psychological Tradition

The belief that mental illness is influenced by social and cultural factors, and early learning.

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Psychosocial treatment

A treatment approach for mental health that takes both psychological and social aspects into account.

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Emil Kraepelin

A figure responsible for major ideas within the biological tradition of mental illness, focusing on differentiating among different disorders and diagnosing.

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Psychoanalysis

A theory of the mind focusing on unconscious processes and their impact on behavior.

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Behaviorism

Focuses on how learning shapes psychological disorders.

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Id

Primitive part of the mind driven by pleasure seeking.

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Ego

Rational part of mind; mediates between Id and Superego.

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Superego

Moral compass; represents societal and parental values.

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Intrapsychic conflicts

Conflicts between different parts of your own mind.

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Defense mechanisms

Unconscious strategies the ego uses to cope with conflicts.

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Displacement

Shifting feelings from a true target to a less threatening one.

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Sublimation

Redirecting unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable behavior.

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Classical Conditioning

Learning by associating a neutral stimulus with a response.

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Stimulus Generalization

Responding similarly to similar stimuli.

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Extinction

Eliminating a learned association by repeatedly presenting a stimulus without a reward.

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Oral Stage

Early psychosexual stage focused on oral gratification.

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Phallic Stage

Psychosexual stage characterized by genital interest.

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Oedipus/Electra Complex

Early psychosexual conflicts related to parents.

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Neuroses

Psychological disorders arising from unconscious conflicts.

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Systematic Desensitization

A behavioral therapy technique that gradually exposes individuals to feared objects or situations to reduce anxiety.

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Operant Conditioning

A type of learning where behavior changes based on its consequences (rewards or punishments).

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Law of Effect

A principle in operant conditioning stating that behaviors followed by favorable consequences are strengthened, and those followed by unfavorable consequences are weakened.

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Reinforcement

In operant conditioning, any consequence that strengthens the behavior it follows.

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Shaping

A process of reinforcing successive approximations toward a desired behavior, gradually building a complex behavior.

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One-Dimensional Model

Explains behavior based on a single cause/factor.

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Multidimensional Model

Explains behavior as the result of multiple interacting factors.

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Diathesis-Stress Model

Suggests that a person may inherit a predisposition (diathesis) to develop a disorder, and stressful life events trigger the disorder.

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Genes

Long molecules of DNA carrying genetic information.

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Clinical Assessment

A systematic approach to evaluating various factors, like psychology, biology, and social aspects, in individuals potentially experiencing mental health issues. It aims to understand the individual's situation comprehensively.

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Diagnosis

The process of determining whether an individual's problem meets the criteria for a specific psychological disorder, based on the gathered information and assessment.

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Assessment Funnel

An approach where the assessment process starts with a broad overview and progressively narrows down to specific aspects, focusing on the most relevant information.

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Reliability

The consistency of a measurement or assessment tool, ensuring that repeated use yields similar results.

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Inter-rater Reliability

A specific type of reliability where multiple assessors reach the same diagnosis for the same individual.

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Test-retest Reliability

A type of reliability where the assessment tool produces consistent results over time, indicating its stability.

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Validity

Whether an assessment tool actually measures what it's intended to measure, ensuring its accuracy and relevance.

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Concurrent Validity

Comparing the results of a new assessment tool with established and reliable ones to assess its accuracy and consistency.

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Predictive Validity

The ability of an assessment tool to predict future outcomes or behaviors based on its results.

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Standardization

Establishing a set of standard guidelines and procedures for an assessment tool, ensuring consistency across different measurements or users.

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Gene-Environment Correlation

A model that acknowledges how genes and environment influence each other – individuals with certain genetic predispositions might seek out specific environments that reinforce these traits.

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Epigenetics

The study of how environmental factors influence gene expression without altering the DNA sequence itself.

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Central Nervous System

The control center of the body, responsible for processing all sensory information and coordinating bodily responses.

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Neurotransmitter

Chemical messengers stored in the terminal buttons of neurons that transmit signals across the synaptic cleft, influencing the activity of other neurons.

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Glial Cell

Supporting cells in the nervous system that provide various functions, such as insulation, nutrient supply, and modulation of neurotransmitter activity.

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Brain Circuit

The pathway that specific types of neurotransmitters take through the brain, connecting different regions and influencing various behaviors and functions.

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Agonist

A substance that mimics the effects of a neurotransmitter, increasing its activity and amplifying its signaling.

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Antagonist

A substance that blocks or inhibits the activity of a neurotransmitter, preventing it from binding to its receptors and reducing its signaling.

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GABA

An inhibitory neurotransmitter that reduces the activity of neurons, decreasing the likelihood of an action potential, and helping regulate anxiety and arousal.

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Glutamate

An excitatory neurotransmitter that activates neurons, increasing the likelihood of an action potential, and playing a role in learning and memory.

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Serotonin

A neurotransmitter that plays a role in regulating mood, sleep, appetite, and cognition.

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Norepinephrine

A neurotransmitter involved in arousal, vigilance, and attention, and plays a role in regulating heart rate and blood pressure.

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Dopamine

A neurotransmitter associated with pleasure, motivation, and reward, playing a role in movement, attention, and learning.

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Placebo Effect

Positive changes in health or well-being that occur due to the expectation of improvement, rather than the specific effects of a treatment.

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Categorical Approach

Classifying mental disorders as distinct categories with specific criteria. Assumes each disorder has a unique cause and set of symptoms.

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Dimensional Approach

Describing mental disorders based on the severity of different symptoms. Assesses psychological characteristics on a scale.

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Prototypical Approach

Classifying mental disorders based on essential and non-essential features. Allows for variations while still fitting within a category.

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Reliability in Diagnosis

Consistency of a diagnostic classification system. Different clinicians should arrive at similar diagnoses for the same patient.

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Validity in Diagnosis

Accuracy of a diagnostic classification system. Does it measure what it's supposed to measure?

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Construct Validity

The extent to which the symptoms used to define a disorder are consistently associated and distinct from other disorders.

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Familial Aggregation

The likelihood of a disorder appearing in a patient's family members.

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DSM-III and DSM-III-R

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd edition (1980). Introduced a more precise and detailed approach to diagnosis.

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DSM-IV and DSM-IV-R

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (1994). Focused on using scientific data to refine diagnostic criteria.

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DSM-5

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (2013). Introduced new disorders, reclassified others, and incorporated dimensional aspects.

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Comorbidity

The presence of two or more disorders in one individual.

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Hypothesis

A testable prediction about the relationship between variables.

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Independent Variable

The factor that is manipulated in an experiment to see its effect on the dependent variable.

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Dependent Variable

The factor that is measured in an experiment to see how it responds to changes in the independent variable.

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Internal Validity

The confidence that the independent variable, and not other factors, caused the changes in the dependent variable.

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Study Notes

Psychopathology Notes-Chapters 1-4

  • Understanding Psychopathology
    • Psychological disorder: a psychological dysfunction within an individual associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typically or culturally expected.
    • Examples include phobias, characterized by marked and persistent fears of objects or situations.
    • Psychological dysfunction involves a breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning, which can exist along a spectrum or dimension.
    • Distress or Impairment:
      • Defining disorders solely by distress can be problematic.
      • Impairment is useful, but not the sole criterion for determining if a psychological dysfunction exists.
      • Most psychological disorders are expressions of normal emotions, behaviors, and cognitive processes.
      • Atypical or Not Culturally Expected:
        • Abnormal behavior: deviates significantly from the average or is not consistent with societal norms.
        • Eccentric behavior may deviate from the average but is not considered a disorder.
  • An Accepted Definition (DSM-5)
    • Psychological disorder: behavioral, psychological, or biological dysfunctions that are unexpected in their cultural context. -Associated with present distress and impairment in functioning or increased risk of death, pain, or impairment.
  • The Science of Psychopathology
    • Psychopathology: the scientific study of psychological disorders
    • Special professionals including clinical/counseling psychologists, psychiatrists, psychiatric social workers, psychiatric nurses, marriage and family therapists, and mental health counselors.
    • Scientist-practitioners: mental health professionals who take a scientific approach to their clinical work, keeping up-to-date on the latest scientific developments and evaluating assessments/treatments.
    • Clinical description
    • Presenting problem: reason a person comes to a clinic; the primary concern.
  • Historical Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior
    • Supernatural tradition: Historically, physical and mental disorders were considered the work of the devil or demons.
      • Treatments such as exorcism.
    • Biological tradition: disorders are caused by brain pathology or head trauma.
      • Hippocrates believed in psychological disorders being a disease.
  • The Humoral Theory
    • Normal brain functioning is related to four bodily fluids (blood, black bile, yellow bile, phlegm).
    • Excess of any fluid is linked to psychological dysfunction.
    • Associated with the idea of treating psychological disorders by correcting imbalances in the bodily fluids.
  • The Development of Biological Treatments
    • 1930s: physical interventions like electro-shock therapy and brain surgery were used to treat psychological disorders.
    • 1950s: introduction of effective medications (e.g., psychotropics).
    • 19th Century: a scientific approach to psychological disorders and their classification began.
  • The Psychological Tradition
    • Plato and Aristotle believed the environment and cultural influences play a role in psychopathology
    • Moral Therapy: focused on treating institutionalized patients in ways that encouraged normal social interaction
    • Psychopathology: a specific field of study
  • Psychoanalytic Theory
    • Focused on fantasies, dreams
    • Id, Ego (mediates), and Superego, operating with the "pleasure principle," "reality principle," and "moral principle," respectively.
    • Defense Mechanisms (e.g., Denial, Displacement, Projection): unconscious processes that protect the individual from unacceptable thoughts or feelings.
  • Behavioral Model
    • Classical Conditioning (Pavlov, Watson): learning through association.
    • Operant Conditioning (Skinner): learning through consequences.
  • Study of Genetics
    • Genes influence behavior, but the environment plays a critical role as well; sometimes interaction is more complex
    • Heritability calculations for some traits (like activity levels, shyness) can vary but often fall within 30 to 50%.
  • Neurological Interventions
    • Neurotransmitters: Brain chemicals that transmit information from one neuron to another.
    • Imbalances in neurotransmitters have been associated with various disorders.
    • Neuroimaging techniques (e.g., EEG, PET scans, MRI) are used to study the structure and function of the brain.
  • Classifying Disorders (DSM-5)
    • Nomothetic strategy: determining a general class of problems.
    • Categorical and Dimensional approaches to understanding disorders which highlight potential comorbidity issues.
    • Focus on reliability of diagnostic criteria in mental health assessments.

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Psychopathology Notes-Chapters 1-4 PDF

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Test your understanding of the key concepts discussed in Chapters 1-4 of Psychopathology. This quiz covers definitions, examples, and classifications of psychological disorders. Explore the underlying criteria for identifying psychological dysfunctions and their implications.

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