Podcast
Questions and Answers
What phenomenon describes the scenario where an unaffected limb is constrained to promote the use of an injured limb?
What phenomenon describes the scenario where an unaffected limb is constrained to promote the use of an injured limb?
In operant conditioning, what is the primary reinforcer among the following options?
In operant conditioning, what is the primary reinforcer among the following options?
Which schedule of reinforcement is most resistant to extinction?
Which schedule of reinforcement is most resistant to extinction?
What does the dopamine signal reflect when a reward is received?
What does the dopamine signal reflect when a reward is received?
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What does superstitious behavior in pigeons relate to in operant conditioning studies?
What does superstitious behavior in pigeons relate to in operant conditioning studies?
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What is the main focus of reinforcement learning in both humans and machines?
What is the main focus of reinforcement learning in both humans and machines?
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What is one characteristic of the acquisition phase in a variable schedule of reinforcement?
What is one characteristic of the acquisition phase in a variable schedule of reinforcement?
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Which effect is associated with the orbital-frontal cortex?
Which effect is associated with the orbital-frontal cortex?
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What type of conditioning involves associating neutral stimuli with involuntary responses?
What type of conditioning involves associating neutral stimuli with involuntary responses?
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What does the term 'learned nonuse' refer to in the context of motor impairments?
What does the term 'learned nonuse' refer to in the context of motor impairments?
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Study Notes
Learning Voluntary Behaviors
- Classical conditioning associates neutral stimuli with involuntary behaviors.
- Thorndike (1898) demonstrated the environment can elicit voluntary behaviors.
Operant Conditioning
- Shaping techniques are used to develop new behaviors.
- Primary reinforcers are rewards like food, treats, or access to mates.
- Secondary reinforcers are signals like a click or light, associated with primary reinforcers.
- Skinner observed superstitious behavior in pigeons, where a 15-second interval between trials became associated with a specific behavior.
Operant Conditioning in Motor Impairments
- Learned non-use occurs when a damaged ability, if unused, can cause further injury.
- Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy (CIMT) rehabilitates motor impairments.
- CIMT involves constraining the unaffected limb to force use of the injured limb.
- Shaping is used to improve performance.
- Placebo controls show minimal benefit in CIMT.
Schedules of Reinforcement
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Ratio schedules: Reinforcement based on number of responses.
- Fixed Ratio (FR-n): Reinforcement after every 'n' responses.
- Variable Ratio (VR-n): Reinforcement after an average of 'n' responses; produces the highest reinforcement effect, exemplified by gambling.
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Interval schedules: Reinforcement based on time elapsed.
- Fixed Interval (FI-n): Reinforcement after every 'n' seconds.
- Variable Interval (VI-n): Reinforcement after an average of 'n' seconds.
Acquisition
- Fixed Ratio (FR): Shows a characteristic "scalloping" pattern; initial slow response that accelerates with reinforcement and then pauses.
- Variable Ratio (VR): Results in a moderate and steady response rate.
Extinction
- Reinforcers are withheld to diminish a behavior, eventually eliminating it.
- Extinction is particularly challenging with fixed ratio schedules.
What is Learned?
- Hebb et al. suggest that operant conditioning involves continuous learning about future rewards in a continuous time, as well as the value of those predicted rewards.
- Learning consists of reward predictions and maximizing value selections.
Dopamine Neurons
- Schultz et al. (1993) found dopamine neurons peak when a reward is given.
- Dopamine influences neurons throughout the brain (neuromodulation).
- The dopamine signal indicates reward prediction error.
- A difference between expected and actual reward triggers a dopamine response.
- Receiving a predicted reward does not trigger a response.
- Not receiving a predicted reward leads to a negative dopamine response.
Reinforcement Learning
- Value of a state (Vs) depends on anticipated future rewards (rt).
- Y represents the delay rate.
- It's a dominant approach for modelling human decision-making in diverse situations.
- It's used to train AI for games and real-time action control.
Orbital-Frontal Cortex
- The Orbital-Frontal Cortex (OFC) plays a role in value-based decision making
- The OFC processes decisions for simpler and enhanced value.
- Brain activity in the OFC can be measured to decode monkey decision-making.
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Description
Explore the concepts of classical and operant conditioning as they relate to voluntary behaviors. Learn about shaping techniques, reinforcement schedules, and their application in rehabilitating motor impairments through Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy. This quiz tests your understanding of these key psychological principles.
