Psychology Variations in Consciousness and Rhythms

Consciousness = Controlled and sequential thoughts Preconscious = Easily retrieved stored knowledge Subconscious = Simultaneous, automatic processing Freud's Unconscious = Repressed memories and impulses

Future planning = Facilitates future planning Creative thoughts = Produces creative ideas Boredom relief = Relieves feelings of boredom Task-unrelated thoughts = Experience of thoughts not relevant to the task

Circadian Rhythms = 24-hour biological cycles Sleep quality = Affected by sleeping at unusual times Physiological fluctuations = Periodic changes in body functions Light exposure = Influences biological rhythms

<p>Delta = Lowest frequency, high amplitude Theta = Medium frequency Alpha = Relaxed state, medium frequency Beta = Highest frequency, lowest amplitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Jet lag = Result of ignoring circadian rhythms Heart disease = Potential consequence of sleep disruption Diabetes = Health issue related to sleep patterns Melatonin = Regulates human biological clock</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Meta-awareness = Awareness of your own thoughts Metacognitive skills = Control over your thoughts Non-conscious = Physiological processes beyond awareness Mind wandering = Task-unrelated thought process</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>EEG = Monitors electrical brain activity Growth hormones = Increase during the night Alertness = Drops during night hours Temperature = Decreases as night falls</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cancer = Irregular sleep patterns Diabetes = Disrupted circadian rhythms Psychological health problems = Poor sleep quality Physical health problems = Sleeping at unusual times</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nightmares = Anxiety-arousing dreams leading to awakening REM sleep = Stage of sleep most associated with vivid dreaming Sleepwalking = Physically acting out while asleep Hypnosis = Heightened state of suggestibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wish Fulfillment = Fulfilling unfulfilled needs in dreams Manifest Content = Surface-level plot of a dream Latent Content = Hidden meaning of dream events Problem Solving View = Working through everyday issues in dreams</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Common Dreams = Dreams about being chased or falling Cultural Dreams = Significant in non-Western cultures Trivial Dreams = Ordinary experiences not typically dreamed about PTSD Dreams = Nightmares more common among PTSD sufferers</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Consistent Bedtime Routine = Helps regulate sleep patterns Alleviate Pain = Benefit of hypnotism Treat Hypertension = Use of hypnosis in medical treatment Sensory Distortions = Effects noticed during hypnosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>College Dreams = Often involve sex and aggression Significant Concerns = Major personal issues reflected in dreams Personal Conflict = Romantic issues appearing in dreams Dream Awareness = Most dreams are experienced in first person</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parkinson's Disease = Often develops in individuals with sleep disorders Neurodegenerative Disorders = Can evolve from sleep-related phenomena Sleep Paralysis = Involves a temporary inability to move Rapid Eye Movement Behavior Disorder = Linked to intense dream activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activation-Synthesis Model = Dreams as by-products of brain activity Night Terrors = Extreme fear during sleep, typically in children Inadequate Sleep = Can lead to negative effects on well-being Dream Patterns = Common trends in dreaming across populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Children's Dreams = More prone to nightmares Adult Dreams = Often reflect stress and responsibility Recurring Dreams = Can signify unresolved issues Trivial Dreams = Tend to be less impactful in waking life</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) = A stimulus leading to an automatic response Conditioned Stimulus (CS) = A learned stimulus that triggers a conditioned response Unconditioned Response (UCR) = An original response occurring naturally Conditioned Response (CR) = A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pavlov's Bell = Sound that triggers salivation in dogs Phobia of Bridges = Fear conditioned through negative associations Trial = Any presentation of a stimulus or pair of stimuli Conditioned Fear = Emotional responses shaped by classical conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Classical Conditioning = Learning through association of stimuli Operant Conditioning = Learning through rewards and avoidance Conditioned Fear = Fear developed from past experiences Phobic Reactions = Extreme responses to neutral stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conditioned Response = Salivating at the sound of a bell Unconditioned Stimulus = Food presented to a dog Conditioned Emotional Responses = Fear of dogs after being bitten Unconditioned Response = Natural salivation when seeing food</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disease Model = Alcoholism viewed as a medical condition Nominal Fallacy = Naming does not equate to explaining Two-Process Theory = Combines classical and operant conditioning to explain phobia General-purpose Programming = Broad usage of a programming language</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Classical Conditioning = Associates a neutral stimulus with an involuntary response Operant Conditioning = Associates behavior with consequences (rewards or punishments) Emotional Responses = Conditioning that shapes feelings of fear or anxiety Reflexive Responses = Automatic reactions to stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elicit = Drawn forth, automatic reactions Conditioning Trials = Required for establishing a conditioned response Involuntary Reflexes = Response that occurs without conscious control Non-Reflexive Responding = Deliberate behaviors that are learned</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conditioned Fear = Impact on anxiety and phobias Conditioned Responses = Influence on both behavior and physiology Classical Conditioning in Therapy = Method of treating fears through exposure Financial Troubles = Consequences of health system inadequacies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Encoding = Forming a memory code that requires attention Storage = Maintaining encoded information over time Retrieval = Recovering information from memory stores Attention = Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Shallow processing = Structural encoding emphasizing physical structure Intermediate processing = Phonemic encoding emphasizing sound Deep processing = Semantic encoding emphasizing meaning Elaboration = Linking a stimulus to other information during encoding</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Advertising = Pairing products with stimuli for positive emotional responses Business Negotiations = Making specific associations to influence outcomes Politics = Creating emotional appeal through strategic imagery Personal Relationships = Using emotional triggers to establish connections</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Structural encoding = Focus on the physical structure of the word Phonemic encoding = Focus on how the stimulus sounds Semantic encoding = Focus on the meaning of the stimulus Visual imagery = Creating mental images to enhance memory recall</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Divided attention = Linked to poor performance for students Filter of attention = Processing information during sensory input Attention span = Duration one can maintain focus Focused awareness = Ability to concentrate on a narrow range of stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elaboration = Linking new information to existing knowledge Visual imagery = Creating images to represent words Repetition = Reviewing information to strengthen memory Chunking = Breaking down information into manageable units</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unconditioned stimulus = Naturally elicits a response without conditioning Conditioned stimulus = Previously neutral stimulus that elicits a response after conditioning Unconditioned response = Natural reaction to an unconditioned stimulus Conditioned response = Learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Positive emotional responses = Targeted in classical conditioning for advertising Masculinity = Associated with rugged imagery in vehicle marketing Femininity = Evoked through images in female-targeted advertising Attention filter = Determines what information is processed and remembered</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mental Age = Typical mental ability of a child at a certain chronological age Intelligence Quotient (IQ) = Mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100 Factor Analysis = Method to identify clusters of related variables General Mental Ability (g) = Core factor underlying all cognitive abilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alfred Binet = Devised the test to identify mentally subnormal children L.L. Thurstone = Developed a test that evolved into the SAT Charles Spearman = Proposed the idea of a core factor for cognitive abilities Binet-Simon Scale = Expressed a child's score in terms of mental age</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stanford-Binet Scale = Measurement of intelligence using IQ SAT = Standardized test for college admissions Mental Level = Expression of a child's intellectual capability Cognitive Abilities = Various skills related to mental processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mental Age = Reflects the cognitive capabilities of a child IQ Calculation = Divides mental age by chronological age Factor Analysis = Analyzes correlations among variables Multiple Abilities = Concept proposed by L.L. Thurstone regarding intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Factor Analysis = Method used to find underlying factors influencing variables General Mental Ability = Represents the influence of a single factor on cognitive skills Alfred Binet's Test = Identified children needing educational support SAT = Evolved from Thurstone's test, assessing multiple intelligences</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dual-coding theory = Memory is enhanced by forming semantic and visual codes Self-referent encoding = How personally relevant the information is Sensory memory = Preserves information in its original sensory form for a brief time Short-term memory = A limited-capacity store for maintaining unrehearsed information</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rehearsal = Repetitively verbalizing or thinking about the information Maintenance rehearsal = Keeping information in conscious awareness Elaborative rehearsal = Focusing on the meaning to enhance retention Chunking = Grouping familiar stimuli into a single unit</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Iconic memory = Brief memory for visual information Echoic memory = Brief memory for acoustic (auditory) information Working memory = Limited capacity for holding temporary information Long-term memory = Unlimited capacity store for lengthy periods</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Magical Number 7 = People recall about seven items on average Flashbulb memories = Vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events Working memory capacity = Ability to hold and manipulate memory information Short-term memory duration = Information lost in less than 20 seconds without rehearsal</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensory memory = Holds information for a fraction of a second Short-term memory = Limited capacity for unrehearsed information Long-term memory = Stores information over long periods Working memory = Manipulates temporary information in conscious attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maintenance rehearsal = Repeating a phone number to remember it Elaborative rehearsal = Connecting new words to their meanings Rehearsal = Thinking repeatedly about an upcoming exam Chunking = Grouping a phone number into segments</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensory memory = Preserves sensory information temporarily Short-term memory = Can hold limited information briefly Working memory = Involves processing and manipulating information Long-term memory = Can store vast amounts of information</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Short-term memory = About 7 items, can be less due to chunking Sensory memory = Lasts only a fraction of a second Long-term memory = Generally unlimited capacity Working memory = Limited capacity in conscious attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

Awareness of internal and external stimuli. Its contents are always changing.

24-hour biological cycles in humans and other species, influencing sleep and other functions.

Experiencing thoughts unrelated to the current task. Not necessarily negative.

Device that monitors brain's electrical activity over time; used to measure brain waves.

Low frequency, high amplitude brain waves; often during deep sleep.

Fluctuations in physiological functions.

Awareness of one's own thoughts

Easily retrieved stored knowledge

Anxiety-arousing dreams that wake the dreamer, typically from REM sleep.

Physical actions during sleep, like yelling, gesturing, or leaping.

Dreams commonly involve mundane or routine events, and frequently feature the dreamer.

A theory suggesting dreams fulfill unmet desires through symbolic actions

Theory that dreams help to resolve daily problems and concerns.

Theory stating that dreams are results of random brain activity interpreted by the brain.

A state of heightened suggestibility induced through a systematic procedure.

Different cultures have varying interpretations of dreams, significance.

The mistake of thinking that just naming something explains it.

Learning through association, where two stimuli are linked to produce a new learned response.

A stimulus that automatically triggers a response (without learning).

The natural response to an unconditioned stimulus.

A previously neutral stimulus that, through association, comes to trigger a learned response.

The learned response to a conditioned stimulus.

Phobias develop through classical conditioning (learning fear) and are maintained through operant conditioning (avoiding the feared stimulus reduces anxiety).

Classical conditioning influences various aspects of our lives, shaping our emotional responses, like fear and anxiety, through learned associations.

Memory improves when we create both visual and verbal representations of information.

Connecting information to yourself makes it more memorable by increasing its personal relevance.

A very brief memory that holds sensory information for a fraction of a second, like a snapshot.

Brief visual memory, like the afterimage of a bright light.

Brief auditory memory, like the lingering sound of a bell.

Limited capacity memory store that holds information for about 20 seconds without active rehearsal.

Repeating information to keep it in short-term memory.

Active processing and manipulation of information in conscious attention.

Advertisers pair products with stimuli that trigger positive emotions, such as using sexual imagery to create desire.

Creating positive associations with a negotiator's actions to influence decisions. For instance, offering small favors to build goodwill.

The initial process of forming a memory code. It requires paying attention to the information.

Maintaining encoded information over time. It's like keeping the picture you took safe.

The process of recovering information from memory stores. It's finding the picture you took.

Focusing awareness on a limited range of stimuli is crucial for forming memories. It acts as a filter.

Encoding based on the physical structure of information, like the shape of a word.

Encoding based on the meaning of information, like understanding the concept of a word.

A test developed in 1904 by Alfred Binet to assess the mental abilities of children, particularly to identify those with intellectual disabilities. It measured mental age, indicating a child's cognitive capacity compared to their peers.

A measure of a person's cognitive abilities, reflecting the mental capabilities typically found in individuals of a specific chronological age.

A numerical representation of intellectual ability calculated by dividing a person's mental age by their chronological age and multiplying by 100.

A statistical method used to identify underlying factors or patterns within a set of variables, often used to understand the structure of intelligence.

Spearman's theory proposes a single, general mental factor that underlies all cognitive abilities. It represents a fundamental core intelligence.