Psychology Variations in Consciousness and Rhythms

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Questions and Answers

Match the following levels of consciousness with their descriptions:

Consciousness = Controlled and sequential thoughts Preconscious = Easily retrieved stored knowledge Subconscious = Simultaneous, automatic processing Freud's Unconscious = Repressed memories and impulses

Match the type of mind-wandering with its benefit:

Future planning = Facilitates future planning Creative thoughts = Produces creative ideas Boredom relief = Relieves feelings of boredom Task-unrelated thoughts = Experience of thoughts not relevant to the task

Match the biological rhythm with its characteristic:

Circadian Rhythms = 24-hour biological cycles Sleep quality = Affected by sleeping at unusual times Physiological fluctuations = Periodic changes in body functions Light exposure = Influences biological rhythms

Match the EEG brain wave bands with their frequency characteristics:

Delta = Lowest frequency, high amplitude Theta = Medium frequency Alpha = Relaxed state, medium frequency Beta = Highest frequency, lowest amplitude Signup and view all the answers

Match the effect with its respective condition:

Jet lag = Result of ignoring circadian rhythms Heart disease = Potential consequence of sleep disruption Diabetes = Health issue related to sleep patterns Melatonin = Regulates human biological clock Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms with their definitions:

Meta-awareness = Awareness of your own thoughts Metacognitive skills = Control over your thoughts Non-conscious = Physiological processes beyond awareness Mind wandering = Task-unrelated thought process Signup and view all the answers

Match the biological phenomenon with its description:

EEG = Monitors electrical brain activity Growth hormones = Increase during the night Alertness = Drops during night hours Temperature = Decreases as night falls Signup and view all the answers

Match the consequence with its cause:

Cancer = Irregular sleep patterns Diabetes = Disrupted circadian rhythms Psychological health problems = Poor sleep quality Physical health problems = Sleeping at unusual times Signup and view all the answers

Match the following sleep phenomena with their descriptions:

Nightmares = Anxiety-arousing dreams leading to awakening REM sleep = Stage of sleep most associated with vivid dreaming Sleepwalking = Physically acting out while asleep Hypnosis = Heightened state of suggestibility Signup and view all the answers

Match the theories of dreaming with their explanations:

Wish Fulfillment = Fulfilling unfulfilled needs in dreams Manifest Content = Surface-level plot of a dream Latent Content = Hidden meaning of dream events Problem Solving View = Working through everyday issues in dreams Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of dreams with their common characteristics:

Common Dreams = Dreams about being chased or falling Cultural Dreams = Significant in non-Western cultures Trivial Dreams = Ordinary experiences not typically dreamed about PTSD Dreams = Nightmares more common among PTSD sufferers Signup and view all the answers

Match the following sleep tips with their benefits:

Consistent Bedtime Routine = Helps regulate sleep patterns Alleviate Pain = Benefit of hypnotism Treat Hypertension = Use of hypnosis in medical treatment Sensory Distortions = Effects noticed during hypnosis Signup and view all the answers

Match the dream content themes with their common associations:

College Dreams = Often involve sex and aggression Significant Concerns = Major personal issues reflected in dreams Personal Conflict = Romantic issues appearing in dreams Dream Awareness = Most dreams are experienced in first person Signup and view all the answers

Match the neurodegenerative disorder with its description:

Parkinson's Disease = Often develops in individuals with sleep disorders Neurodegenerative Disorders = Can evolve from sleep-related phenomena Sleep Paralysis = Involves a temporary inability to move Rapid Eye Movement Behavior Disorder = Linked to intense dream activity Signup and view all the answers

Match the sleep-related terms with their definitions:

Activation-Synthesis Model = Dreams as by-products of brain activity Night Terrors = Extreme fear during sleep, typically in children Inadequate Sleep = Can lead to negative effects on well-being Dream Patterns = Common trends in dreaming across populations Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of dreams with their frequency and impact:

Children's Dreams = More prone to nightmares Adult Dreams = Often reflect stress and responsibility Recurring Dreams = Can signify unresolved issues Trivial Dreams = Tend to be less impactful in waking life Signup and view all the answers

Match the classical conditioning terms with their definitions:

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) = A stimulus leading to an automatic response Conditioned Stimulus (CS) = A learned stimulus that triggers a conditioned response Unconditioned Response (UCR) = An original response occurring naturally Conditioned Response (CR) = A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus Signup and view all the answers

Match the classical conditioning examples with their descriptions:

Pavlov's Bell = Sound that triggers salivation in dogs Phobia of Bridges = Fear conditioned through negative associations Trial = Any presentation of a stimulus or pair of stimuli Conditioned Fear = Emotional responses shaped by classical conditioning Signup and view all the answers

Match the concepts related to fear conditioning with their meanings:

Classical Conditioning = Learning through association of stimuli Operant Conditioning = Learning through rewards and avoidance Conditioned Fear = Fear developed from past experiences Phobic Reactions = Extreme responses to neutral stimuli Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms with relevant examples of classical conditioning:

Conditioned Response = Salivating at the sound of a bell Unconditioned Stimulus = Food presented to a dog Conditioned Emotional Responses = Fear of dogs after being bitten Unconditioned Response = Natural salivation when seeing food Signup and view all the answers

Match the psychological models with their descriptions:

Disease Model = Alcoholism viewed as a medical condition Nominal Fallacy = Naming does not equate to explaining Two-Process Theory = Combines classical and operant conditioning to explain phobia General-purpose Programming = Broad usage of a programming language Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of conditioning with its focus:

Classical Conditioning = Associates a neutral stimulus with an involuntary response Operant Conditioning = Associates behavior with consequences (rewards or punishments) Emotional Responses = Conditioning that shapes feelings of fear or anxiety Reflexive Responses = Automatic reactions to stimuli Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms related to conditioned responses with their characteristics:

Elicit = Drawn forth, automatic reactions Conditioning Trials = Required for establishing a conditioned response Involuntary Reflexes = Response that occurs without conscious control Non-Reflexive Responding = Deliberate behaviors that are learned Signup and view all the answers

Match the psychological phenomena with their real-life implications:

Conditioned Fear = Impact on anxiety and phobias Conditioned Responses = Influence on both behavior and physiology Classical Conditioning in Therapy = Method of treating fears through exposure Financial Troubles = Consequences of health system inadequacies Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to memory processes with their definitions:

Encoding = Forming a memory code that requires attention Storage = Maintaining encoded information over time Retrieval = Recovering information from memory stores Attention = Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of processing with their descriptions:

Shallow processing = Structural encoding emphasizing physical structure Intermediate processing = Phonemic encoding emphasizing sound Deep processing = Semantic encoding emphasizing meaning Elaboration = Linking a stimulus to other information during encoding Signup and view all the answers

Match the classical conditioning examples with their contexts:

Advertising = Pairing products with stimuli for positive emotional responses Business Negotiations = Making specific associations to influence outcomes Politics = Creating emotional appeal through strategic imagery Personal Relationships = Using emotional triggers to establish connections Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of encoding with their focus:

Structural encoding = Focus on the physical structure of the word Phonemic encoding = Focus on how the stimulus sounds Semantic encoding = Focus on the meaning of the stimulus Visual imagery = Creating mental images to enhance memory recall Signup and view all the answers

Match the multitasking effects with their implications:

Divided attention = Linked to poor performance for students Filter of attention = Processing information during sensory input Attention span = Duration one can maintain focus Focused awareness = Ability to concentrate on a narrow range of stimuli Signup and view all the answers

Match the approaches to memory enhancement with their strategies:

Elaboration = Linking new information to existing knowledge Visual imagery = Creating images to represent words Repetition = Reviewing information to strengthen memory Chunking = Breaking down information into manageable units Signup and view all the answers

Match the classical conditioning elements with their examples:

Unconditioned stimulus = Naturally elicits a response without conditioning Conditioned stimulus = Previously neutral stimulus that elicits a response after conditioning Unconditioned response = Natural reaction to an unconditioned stimulus Conditioned response = Learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus Signup and view all the answers

Match the following psychological concepts with their respective influences:

Positive emotional responses = Targeted in classical conditioning for advertising Masculinity = Associated with rugged imagery in vehicle marketing Femininity = Evoked through images in female-targeted advertising Attention filter = Determines what information is processed and remembered Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Mental Age = Typical mental ability of a child at a certain chronological age Intelligence Quotient (IQ) = Mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100 Factor Analysis = Method to identify clusters of related variables General Mental Ability (g) = Core factor underlying all cognitive abilities Signup and view all the answers

Match the following pioneers with their contributions:

Alfred Binet = Devised the test to identify mentally subnormal children L.L. Thurstone = Developed a test that evolved into the SAT Charles Spearman = Proposed the idea of a core factor for cognitive abilities Binet-Simon Scale = Expressed a child's score in terms of mental age Signup and view all the answers

Match the following tests or concepts with their relevance:

Stanford-Binet Scale = Measurement of intelligence using IQ SAT = Standardized test for college admissions Mental Level = Expression of a child's intellectual capability Cognitive Abilities = Various skills related to mental processes Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their characteristics:

Mental Age = Reflects the cognitive capabilities of a child IQ Calculation = Divides mental age by chronological age Factor Analysis = Analyzes correlations among variables Multiple Abilities = Concept proposed by L.L. Thurstone regarding intelligence Signup and view all the answers

Match the following methods or theories with their descriptions:

Factor Analysis = Method used to find underlying factors influencing variables General Mental Ability = Represents the influence of a single factor on cognitive skills Alfred Binet's Test = Identified children needing educational support SAT = Evolved from Thurstone's test, assessing multiple intelligences Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms with their definitions related to memory:

Dual-coding theory = Memory is enhanced by forming semantic and visual codes Self-referent encoding = How personally relevant the information is Sensory memory = Preserves information in its original sensory form for a brief time Short-term memory = A limited-capacity store for maintaining unrehearsed information Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of rehearsal with their descriptions:

Rehearsal = Repetitively verbalizing or thinking about the information Maintenance rehearsal = Keeping information in conscious awareness Elaborative rehearsal = Focusing on the meaning to enhance retention Chunking = Grouping familiar stimuli into a single unit Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of memory systems with their characteristics:

Iconic memory = Brief memory for visual information Echoic memory = Brief memory for acoustic (auditory) information Working memory = Limited capacity for holding temporary information Long-term memory = Unlimited capacity store for lengthy periods Signup and view all the answers

Match the concepts with their related phrases or facts:

Magical Number 7 = People recall about seven items on average Flashbulb memories = Vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events Working memory capacity = Ability to hold and manipulate memory information Short-term memory duration = Information lost in less than 20 seconds without rehearsal Signup and view all the answers

Match the memory types with their associated functions:

Sensory memory = Holds information for a fraction of a second Short-term memory = Limited capacity for unrehearsed information Long-term memory = Stores information over long periods Working memory = Manipulates temporary information in conscious attention Signup and view all the answers

Match the form of rehearsal with an example:

Maintenance rehearsal = Repeating a phone number to remember it Elaborative rehearsal = Connecting new words to their meanings Rehearsal = Thinking repeatedly about an upcoming exam Chunking = Grouping a phone number into segments Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of memory with their properties:

Sensory memory = Preserves sensory information temporarily Short-term memory = Can hold limited information briefly Working memory = Involves processing and manipulating information Long-term memory = Can store vast amounts of information Signup and view all the answers

Match the storage type with its capacity limitations:

Short-term memory = About 7 items, can be less due to chunking Sensory memory = Lasts only a fraction of a second Long-term memory = Generally unlimited capacity Working memory = Limited capacity in conscious attention Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Variations in Consciousness

Consciousness is awareness of internal and external stimuli; constantly changing
Consciousness structure (iceberg model)
Controlled & sequential - thoughts about external and internal things, self
Meta-awareness - awareness of one's thoughts, metacognitive skills
Preconscious - easily retrieved knowledge
Subconscious - automatic processing of sights, sounds, sensations
Freud's unconscious - repressed memories, impulses, difficult to retrieve, accessible in dreams
Non-conscious - physiological processes not available to awareness (e.g., controlling blood pressure)
Attention and consciousness are related, but not identical
Mind wandering - experience of task-unrelated thoughts (not relevant to the present)
Benefits - planning, creativity, boredom reduction

Biological Rhythms

Periodic fluctuations in physiological functions
Circadian rhythms - 24-hour biological cycles in humans and other species
Largely influential on sleep and physical functions
Alertness drops and temperature decreases at night, but growth hormones rise
Light and dark affect the biological rhythms
Ignoring circadian rhythms can lead to physical/psychological problems (jet lag, rotating shifts)
Examples of consequences of irregular rhythms – cancer, diabetes, heart disease, etc.
Realigning circadian rhythms – small doses of melatonin, timed exposure to bright light regulate the biological clock

Sleep and Waking Cycle

Electroencephalography (EEG): monitors brainwave activity over time
Brainwaves are categorized as delta, theta, alpha, and beta based on frequency and amplitude.
Beta - normal waking thought, alert
Alpha - deep relaxation, mind blank
Theta - light sleep
Delta - deep sleep
Five stages of sleep
Stages 1-3 – takes 25 minutes to fall asleep (factors like age, caffeine, light determine this time)
Stage 1 - light sleep, hypnic jerks (brief muscular contractions)
Stage 2 - proper sleep, sleep spindles (bursts of brainwaves)
Stages 3 & 4 - slow-wave sleep (delta waves) - sleepwalking, night terrors occur
REM sleep - rapid eye movement sleep, body mostly still, irregular breathing and pulse, vivid dreaming

Dreams

Most dreams are mundane
Content often about self, sex, aggression, misfortune, and traumatic events
Links between dreams and waking life - major personal concerns are reflected in dreams

Hypnosis

Systematic procedure that triggers heightened suggestibility
Clinical tool for medical procedures (e.g., pain relief, treating hypertension/migraines)
Can be used for entertainment

Meditation

Set of practices that enhance attention and control mental processes
Types of meditation:
Focused attention
Open monitoring
Loving-kindness
Transcendental meditation
Mindfulness meditation

Drugs

Psychoactive drugs modify mood, behavior, or perception
Opioids - derived from opium poppy, relieve pain (e.g., morphine, heroin, oxycodone)
Sedatives - decrease CNS (e.g., barbiturates, quaaludes)
Hallucinogens - distort sensory and perceptual experiences (e.g., LSD, mescaline, psilocybin)

Sleep Loss, Health, and Disorders

Sleep restriction triggers hormonal changes = increased hunger, impaired immune function
Insomnia - chronic problem in getting adequate sleep
Narcolepsy - sudden, irresistible sleep attacks
Sleep apnea - frequent, reflexive gasping for air that disrupts sleep
Night terrors - abrupt awakenings from NREM sleep, accompanied by intense fear.
Somnambulism - sleepwalking
REM sleep behavior disorder - acting out dreams during REM sleep

Classical Conditioning

Learning through association, involving involuntary responses
Pavlov's demonstration - dogs salivating at the sound of a bell after conditioning
UCS - unconditioned stimulus (e.g., meat)
UCR - unconditioned response (e.g., salivation)
CS - conditioned stimulus (e.g., bell)
CR - conditioned response (e.g., salivation)
Stimulus generalization - responding similarly to similar stimuli
Stimulus discrimination - responding differently to dissimilar stimuli
Higher-order conditioning - pairing a new stimulus with a conditioned stimulus

Operant Conditioning

Learning through consequences
Skinner box/operant chamber - learning using a controlled environment
Primary reinforcers - satisfy basic biological needs (food, water)
Secondary reinforcers - acquire reinforcing qualities by association (e.g., money, praise)
Reinforcement - increases a response
Punishment - decreases a response (positive or negative)

Observational Learning

Learning by observing others
Four key processes - attention, retention, reproduction, motivation

Human Memory

Encoding - processing information into a memory code
Storage - maintaining information in memory over time
Retrieval - recovering information from storage.
Sensory memory - brief sensory impressions of stimuli
Short-term memory (STM) - temporary storage of information, limited capacity
Working memory - short-term memory that actively manipulates and processes information
Long-term memory (LTM) - relatively permanent storage of information, unlimited capacity
Levels of Processing
Structural encoding - physical structure (e.g., letters on a word)
Phonemic encoding - sounds of words
Semantic encoding - meaning of words.
Magical Number 7 +/- 2
Chunking - grouping familiar stimuli into a single unit
Reconstructing memories - memories are reconstructions, not exact copies
Retrieval cues - stimuli that help access memories (context, personal experiences)

Forgetting

Ineffective coding - information never entered memory effectively
Decay theory - memories fade with time
Interference theory - memories disrupt each other
Retrieval failure - memory is present but unavailable
Motivated forgetting - conscious or unconscious suppression

Memory Systems

Declarative vs. Nondeclarative Memory
Declarative (explicit):
Episodic - personal experiences
Semantic - general knowledge.
Nondeclarative (implicit):
Procedural - skills and habits
Priming - enhanced identification of stimuli
Classical and operant conditioning
Implicit vs Explicit Memory
Implicit - retention without conscious recollection
Explicit - conscious recollection

Problem Solving

Trial and error heuristics - trying various solutions until one works
Forming subgoals - breaking down a problem into smaller steps
Analogies - recognizing similarity with previous problems and solutions
Representation of a problem - visual, table, graph etc
Incubation effect - finding a solution after a period of not consciously thinking about the problem
Functional fixedness - tendency to perceive objects only in terms of typical uses
Mental set - tendency to rely on previous strategies that were successful in the past
Problem-solving strategies affected by cultural factors

Decision-Making

Framing - how a problem is presented influences the choices made
Availability heuristic - relying on examples that readily come to mind
Recognition heuristic - choosing the more quickly recognized option
Base-rate fallacy - ignoring base rate information
Conjunction fallacy - overestimating the probability of two events happening together
Choice overload - overwhelming choice options that can lead to poor decisions.

Intelligence

IQ tests measure general mental ability
- Standardization, reliability, and validity are important aspects
Cultural biases in IQ tests
Impact of cultural factors on test performance
Bias is a concern for fair assessment.
Levels of intellectual disability
Mild, moderate, severe, profound
Giftedness - high-IQ, extraordinary abilities.
Heritability of intelligence - role of genes in intellectual development
Environmental influences affect intelligence
Importance of nutrition, education, and environment.
Interaction of heredity and environment in intelligence

Creativity

Divergent thinking - generating many possible solutions
Convergent thinking - narrowing down to a single best solution
How creativity is measured through tests (responses, originality and usefulness).
Relationship between creativity and mental illness.

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Description

Explore the complexities of consciousness, including its structure, various states, and the relationship between attention and awareness. Delve into biological rhythms, particularly circadian cycles, and their influence on human functioning. Test your understanding of these essential psychological concepts!