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Questions and Answers
What happens to attitudes when individuals are repeatedly exposed to novel stimuli?
What happens to attitudes when individuals are repeatedly exposed to novel stimuli?
Which of the following is a true statement about classical conditioning?
Which of the following is a true statement about classical conditioning?
What is an example of an unconditioned stimulus in Pavlov's experiment?
What is an example of an unconditioned stimulus in Pavlov's experiment?
What effect does repeated exposure to a stimulus that is initially disliked have?
What effect does repeated exposure to a stimulus that is initially disliked have?
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How can the bell in Pavlov's experiment be described after conditioning?
How can the bell in Pavlov's experiment be described after conditioning?
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Which of the following best describes an unconditioned response?
Which of the following best describes an unconditioned response?
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What were the dogs' conditioned responses in Pavlov's experiments?
What were the dogs' conditioned responses in Pavlov's experiments?
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What does the neutral stimulus refer to in the context of Pavlov's experiment?
What does the neutral stimulus refer to in the context of Pavlov's experiment?
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What do some researchers argue regarding the distinction between automatic and deliberate attitudes?
What do some researchers argue regarding the distinction between automatic and deliberate attitudes?
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Why do humans require a broader assortment of attitudes compared to most animals?
Why do humans require a broader assortment of attitudes compared to most animals?
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How do attitudes help humans adjust to new situations?
How do attitudes help humans adjust to new situations?
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What fundamental psychological principle is suggested in the content regarding good and bad?
What fundamental psychological principle is suggested in the content regarding good and bad?
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What occurs during the first microsecond of thought according to the information provided?
What occurs during the first microsecond of thought according to the information provided?
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Why can knowing whether something is 'good' or 'bad' be crucial for survival?
Why can knowing whether something is 'good' or 'bad' be crucial for survival?
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What is one of the main uses of attitudes, according to the content?
What is one of the main uses of attitudes, according to the content?
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In what way do attitudes primarily influence human behavior?
In what way do attitudes primarily influence human behavior?
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What effect does receiving an 'A' have on students' attitudes towards a topic compared to receiving a 'D'?
What effect does receiving an 'A' have on students' attitudes towards a topic compared to receiving a 'D'?
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According to social learning theory, how are behaviors most likely to be imitated?
According to social learning theory, how are behaviors most likely to be imitated?
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What concept did Albert Bandura develop to explain the imitation of aggressive behavior in children?
What concept did Albert Bandura develop to explain the imitation of aggressive behavior in children?
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What role does cognition play in Bandura's social learning theory?
What role does cognition play in Bandura's social learning theory?
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What does the theory of social learning suggest about how people learn to behave?
What does the theory of social learning suggest about how people learn to behave?
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What are individuals less likely to imitate according to social learning theory?
What are individuals less likely to imitate according to social learning theory?
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How did Bandura demonstrate the effects of social learning in his experiments?
How did Bandura demonstrate the effects of social learning in his experiments?
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How does the rewarding nature of alcohol consumption relate to addiction?
How does the rewarding nature of alcohol consumption relate to addiction?
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What may influence the way people argue?
What may influence the way people argue?
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According to Alan Wicker's findings, attitudes are considered to be:
According to Alan Wicker's findings, attitudes are considered to be:
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Why might the brain have developed a sensitivity towards inconsistency?
Why might the brain have developed a sensitivity towards inconsistency?
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What did the social experiments referenced indicate about attitudes?
What did the social experiments referenced indicate about attitudes?
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What mechanism do people use in response to inconsistencies according to the content?
What mechanism do people use in response to inconsistencies according to the content?
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What might be a result of the inconsistency drive in human behavior?
What might be a result of the inconsistency drive in human behavior?
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Which of the following statements can be inferred from the assertion about America's behavior?
Which of the following statements can be inferred from the assertion about America's behavior?
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What does the duplex mind theory suggest about responses to inconsistency?
What does the duplex mind theory suggest about responses to inconsistency?
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What strategy is suggested to enhance the acceptance of a cult's ideas?
What strategy is suggested to enhance the acceptance of a cult's ideas?
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What is meant by belief perseverance?
What is meant by belief perseverance?
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Which of the following can reduce belief perseverance?
Which of the following can reduce belief perseverance?
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How can arguing the opposite theory benefit understanding?
How can arguing the opposite theory benefit understanding?
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What role do beliefs play in the context of coping with serious problems?
What role do beliefs play in the context of coping with serious problems?
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Which mental process is described as uncritical and accepting of information?
Which mental process is described as uncritical and accepting of information?
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What is the relationship between understanding and believing according to the content?
What is the relationship between understanding and believing according to the content?
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Which statement best captures the nature of the deliberate mind in relation to beliefs?
Which statement best captures the nature of the deliberate mind in relation to beliefs?
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Study Notes
Automatic vs. Deliberate Attitudes
- Researchers debate whether automatic and deliberate attitudes are distinct categories.
- Some argue that the distinction applies to measurement methods rather than actual attitudes.
Why People Have Attitudes
- Attitudes are essential for humans due to the complexity of our world.
- They help us navigate numerous choices and adapt to new situations.
- Attitudes guide us to seek rewards and avoid punishments.
- They play a crucial role in risk assessment, influencing life-or-death decisions.
- Attitudes help us categorize things into “good” and “bad,” simplifying the world.
- This categorization system is instinctive and present even in early childhood.
- It is often unconscious: we automatically like or dislike something upon initial exposure.
Attitude Formation
- Repeated exposure to stimuli can create positive attitudes.
- This effect doesn’t apply to initially disliked stimuli, which are often disliked even more with repeated exposure.
- Attitudes can be formed through classical conditioning.
- Classical conditioning involves pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus, creating a conditioned response.
- Social learning theory suggests that people learn behaviors by observing and imitating others.
- Imitation is influenced by observing the rewards or punishments associated with a behavior.
Consistency Drive
- The drive towards consistency is a fundamental aspect of human thought and behavior.
- This drive is likely rooted in our biological nature and strengthened through learning and socialization.
- It may stem from the evolutionary advantage of arguing effectively: contradicting oneself weakens an argument.
- Both automatic and deliberate systems contribute to consistency drive.
- The automatic system recognizes inconsistency, triggering distress and arousal.
- The deliberate system attempts to resolve inconsistencies through rationalization.
Attitudes and Behavior
- Social psychology aims to predict and explain human behavior.
- Attitudes are considered important indicators of behavior.
- However, the relationship between attitudes and behavior is complex and not always predictable.
- There is evidence that our attitudes may not always be consistent with our actions.
- For example, America promotes world peace, but has also engaged in wars causing significant harm.
Belief Systems
- Belief perseverance refers to the tendency for beliefs to remain unchanged, even when the evidence supporting them is discredited.
- Engaging with opposing arguments can help reduce belief perseverance.
- Beliefs help people understand the world, particularly during difficult times.
Influence of Distractions on Belief Formation
- Distractions can influence belief formation, making people more likely to accept information without critical analysis.
- This is because distractions interfere with the deliberate system's ability to process information.
- The automatic system, being less critical, readily accepts information presented during distraction.
- The deliberate system can override beliefs, leading to disbelief, but this requires conscious effort.
- Individuals may not always have the time or resources to engage in deliberate analysis.
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Description
Explore the fascinating distinction between automatic and deliberate attitudes in psychology. This quiz delves into why attitudes are essential for navigating our complex world and how they influence our decision-making processes. Gain insights into attitude formation and the role of exposure in shaping our preferences.
