Psychology Theories and Models Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What differentiates theories from opinions or beliefs?

Theories are based on personal experiences.

Theories cannot lead to testable hypotheses.

Theories are universally accepted by everyone.

Theories must be supported by repeated testing. (correct)

How can a theory be considered self-correcting?

It changes only when the majority agrees.

It is updated based on new evidence that disproves previous ideas. (correct)

It evolves over time to match popular beliefs.

It remains unchanged despite contradicting evidence.

Which statement accurately describes the plausibility of theories?

All theories are equally plausible.

Multiple theories can exist for the same phenomenon. (correct)

The plausibility of a theory is unrelated to its acceptance.

The belief of a majority validates the plausibility of a theory.

What are the primary influences in the Biopsychosocial Model?

Biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors collectively influence behavior. Signup and view all the answers

Why might a good theory lead to more testable hypotheses?

It explains previous research and observations. Signup and view all the answers

How can biological influences affect behavior according to the Biopsychosocial Model?

Via hormones, brain structures, and external substances. Signup and view all the answers

What example illustrates the simultaneous effects of biopsychosocial factors on behavior?

Eating pizza influenced by hormones, cravings, and social invitations. Signup and view all the answers

Which misconception about theories does the content address?

Theories are universally accepted and cannot be disproven. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a debriefing after a research study?

To explain the true nature of the study, including any deception Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by confidentiality in research?

Observations that can be connected to individuals must remain private Signup and view all the answers

Why do researchers conduct animal studies?

To administer treatments that cannot be ethically applied to humans Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an ethical consideration in animal-based research?

Encouraging the breeding of animals for profit Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'anonymity' refer to in research studies?

Data should remain unlinked to individual identities Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial aspect of ethical animal research when pain is involved?

Pain must be justified by the potential benefits of the research Signup and view all the answers

In research concerning animal behaviors, which of the following is often manipulated?

The breeding practices of laboratory animals Signup and view all the answers

Which area is essential in the basic care of laboratory animals?

Securing appropriate housing, feeding, and sanitation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the axon in a neuron?

To transport information in the form of electrochemical reactions Signup and view all the answers

Which structure at the end of the axon is responsible for the release of neurotransmitters?

Axon terminals Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes sensory neurons from motor neurons?

Sensory neurons receive information from the senses, whereas motor neurons carry messages toward muscles Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about neurotransmitters is true?

Different neurotransmitters can have various functions in neuronal communication Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of glial cells in the nervous system?

To synchronize neuronal activity and provide support Signup and view all the answers

How has the belief about the birth of new neurons in adulthood changed?

Researchers now believe that new neurons continue to be born throughout life Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of sensory neurons in the nervous system?

To transmit sensory information toward the brain Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of using a true random sample in research?

It ensures every individual has an equal chance of being selected. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the relationship between the structure and function of neurons?

Neurons have unique structures that correspond with specific functions Signup and view all the answers

What does ecological validity refer to in psychological research?

The degree to which findings can be applied to real-world scenarios. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential drawback of convenience sampling?

It may not accurately represent the larger population. Signup and view all the answers

What type of bias might occur if an experimenter treats participants differently based on their assigned condition?

Researcher bias Signup and view all the answers

How can participants introduce bias into psychological research?

By attempting to identify the aims of the research. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect is crucial for ensuring generalizability in psychological research?

The absence of bias during the experiment. Signup and view all the answers

What is the risk of over-generalizing study results from a convenience sample?

Results may apply to a wider demographic than intended. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of a true random sample compared to a convenience sample?

Each member of the larger population has an equal opportunity of being included. Signup and view all the answers

What is the resting potential of a neuron?

-70mV Signup and view all the answers

What causes positively charged sodium ions to rush into the neuron when it is stimulated?

A combination of the electrostatic gradient and concentration gradient Signup and view all the answers

When the charge of a neuron changes from -70mV to -68mV, what does this indicate?

The neuron is experiencing depolarization. Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum charge required at the axon hillock to initiate an action potential?

-55mV Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to the potential of a neuron during an action potential?

It increases to approximately +35mV. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does an opened ion channel have on the movement of sodium ions in a neuron?

Sodium ions enter the neuron to equalize concentration. Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic describes the state of a neuron when it is not firing?

Resting potential Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors contributes to the tension in a neuron's resting state?

Both electrostatic and concentration gradients Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Theories

Theories are formed from hypotheses that are repeatedly tested and confirmed.
Theories can be supported or disproven by new evidence.
They are not the same as opinions or beliefs.
They are testable and logical.
All theories are not equally plausible.
A good theory can explain previous research and lead to more testable hypotheses.
The quality of a theory is not related to the number of people that believe it.

The Biopsychosocial Model

Explains behaviors as a product of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors.
Biological influences include brain structures and chemicals, hormones, and external substances.
Psychological influences involve memory, emotions, and personality, shaping our thoughts.
Social factors like family, peers, ethnicity, and culture influence behavior.
All of these can affect behavior simultaneously and can interact with each other.

Research Methodology

Random sampling is preferred for generalizability.
A random sample is representative of the population.
Convenience samples, such as university students, are readily available but may not be representative.
Ecological validity ensures results can be applied to the natural environment.
It is important to avoid overgeneralizing from convenience samples as they may not represent all populations.

Sources of Bias

Researcher bias can occur when the experimenter treats participants differently.
Subject bias occurs when participants try to figure out the study or respond in a way that confirms the hypothesis.
Full debriefing is necessary after research to explain the study and any deception.

Anonymity and Confidentiality

Anonymity means data collected during research cannot be linked to individuals.
Confidentiality means researchers cannot share data that could be connected to individuals, and records are kept secure.

Ethics for Animal-Based Research

Ensures ethical treatment of animals in research.
Emphasis is placed on basic care, minimization of pain and discomfort, and justification for any necessary discomfort.
The same standards apply if animals are sacrificed for research.

Cells and Neurotransmitters

Neurons communicate through electrochemical reactions.
The axon transports this information from the cell body to the axon terminals.
Axon terminals contain neurotransmitters, chemical messengers for neuron communication.
Different neurotransmitters have various functions.
Sensory neurons receive information and transmit it to the brain.
Motor neurons send messages from the brain to muscles.
Interneurons facilitate communication between neurons.
The structure of a neuron is related to its function.

Glial Cells

Support neurons and are involved in immune responses, waste removal, and synchronizing neuron activity.
Neurons have a resting potential, a stable state of negative charge inside compared to a positive charge outside.
This is maintained by an electrostatic gradient and a concentration gradient of ions.
When a neuron is stimulated, ion channels open, and sodium ions flow into the cell.
The influx of positive ions changes the cell's charge and initiates an action potential.
The action potential travels down the axon and changes the charge from negative to positive.

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Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts in psychology, focusing on theories, the biopsychosocial model, and research methodology. This quiz explores how theories are formed, validated, and their implications in understanding behavior. Dive into the intricacies of biological, psychological, and social factors and their interplay.