Questions and Answers
What does fixation refer to?
What age range characterizes the oral stage of development?
Birth to 1/2 years old
Describe an oral receptive personality.
A personality type where a person seeks eating, smoking, or other oral pleasure.
What is the age range for the anal stage of development?
Signup and view all the answers
What characterizes an anal retentive personality?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the phallic stage of development?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the Electra complex involve?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the Oedipus complex?
Signup and view all the answers
What characterizes the latency stage?
Signup and view all the answers
What age range corresponds to the concrete operational stage?
Signup and view all the answers
What is conservation in developmental psychology?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the rooting reflex entail in infants?
Signup and view all the answers
Men tend to be more empathetic than women.
Signup and view all the answers
Stress is something you could easily avoid if you know how.
Signup and view all the answers
What are the stages of death and dying?
Signup and view all the answers
What is secondary aging?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of hospice care?
Signup and view all the answers
What defines the personality types of stress: Type A and Type B?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Psychosexual Development Stages
-
Fixation: Persistent focus on an unresolved psychosexual development stage, leading to issues like oral fixation (e.g., smoking, nail biting).
-
Oral Stage (Birth - 1.5 years):
- Oral receptive personality seeks oral pleasures (eating, smoking).
- Oral aggressive personality expresses pleasure through verbal hostility.
- Conflicts during this stage impact future attachment and worldview.
-
Anal Stage (1.5 - 3 years):
- Anal retentive personality pays excessive attention to detail, affecting relationships negatively.
- Anal expulsive personality exhibits carelessness and messiness.
-
Phallic Stage (3 - 6 years):
- Electra complex: Girls desire their fathers, leading to penis envy.
- Oedipus complex: Boys have unconscious desires towards their mothers and animosity towards their fathers.
-
Latency Stage (6 - Puberty):
- Minimal psychosexual development occurs, focusing on sublimated sexual energy.
Cognitive Development Stages
-
Preoperational Stage (2 - 7 years):
- Children use words and images, engage in solitary, parallel, and cooperative play.
- Engages in animism: belief that inanimate objects have life.
- Exhibits transductive reasoning: confusion in cause-and-effect relationships.
-
Concrete Operational Stage (7 - 11 years):
- Development of logic; understanding of conservation and reversibility.
Reflexes and Milestones
- Rooting reflex: Infants turn their head toward stimuli on their cheek.
- Moro reflex: Startle response diminishing between 3-6 months; arms, legs, and back arch when startled.
- Infants can typically roll over between 2.5-4 months.
Social and Emotional Development
- Bonding: Critical attachment, particularly with mothers.
- Harry Harlow's experiments: Demonstrated the importance of caregiving and companionship through studies with monkeys.
Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Stages
- Basic Trust vs Mistrust (Birth - 1 year): Establishment of trust with caregivers.
- Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt (1-3 years): Children learn to exercise independence.
- Subsequent stages include Initiative vs Guilt, Industry vs Inferiority, and Identity vs Role Confusion during adolescence.
Identity Development
- Generativity vs Stagnation (40-65 years): Concern for nurturing future generations versus self-centeredness.
- Identity vs Role Confusion (11-18 years): Formation of personal identity or confusion about one’s role.
Moral Development
- Pre-moral level: Choices based on reward and punishment, lacking complex moral understanding.
- Principled stage: Ideal stage of moral reasoning focused on universal principles, transcending specific norms.
Aging and Stress
- Positive aspects of aging: Involves wisdom and acceptance of life experience, despite physical decline.
- Stress factors: Includes conflicts, frustration, and differing personality types (Type A vs Type B).
- Wear and tear theory: Physical and mental deterioration due to aging.
- Secondary aging: Caused by environmental factors and diseases, not inevitable.
Coping with Death
- Stages of grief: Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance, representing emotional responses to loss.
- Hospice care: Specialized care for the terminally ill, focusing on comfort rather than curative treatment.
Self-Concept and Psychology
- Self-Concept: Influenced by societal factors, upbringing, and cultural background.
- Self-Actualization: Striving to realize one’s potential; seldom fully achieved.
Misconceptions in Psychology
- Understanding stress and its complexities; avoiding stress is not straightforward.
- The incorrect assumption that men tend to display specific personality traits; individual variation is significant.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge with flashcards from Psychology Test #3. This set covers key concepts including fixation and the implications of unresolved psychosexual stages. Perfect for students looking to review important psychological terms and theories.
