Questions and Answers
What does fixation refer to?
What age range characterizes the oral stage of development?
Birth to 1/2 years old
Describe an oral receptive personality.
A personality type where a person seeks eating, smoking, or other oral pleasure.
What is the age range for the anal stage of development?
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What characterizes an anal retentive personality?
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What is the phallic stage of development?
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What does the Electra complex involve?
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What is the Oedipus complex?
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What characterizes the latency stage?
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What age range corresponds to the concrete operational stage?
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What is conservation in developmental psychology?
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What does the rooting reflex entail in infants?
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Men tend to be more empathetic than women.
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Stress is something you could easily avoid if you know how.
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What are the stages of death and dying?
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What is secondary aging?
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What is the purpose of hospice care?
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What defines the personality types of stress: Type A and Type B?
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Study Notes
Psychosexual Development Stages
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Fixation: Persistent focus on an unresolved psychosexual development stage, leading to issues like oral fixation (e.g., smoking, nail biting).
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Oral Stage (Birth - 1.5 years):
- Oral receptive personality seeks oral pleasures (eating, smoking).
- Oral aggressive personality expresses pleasure through verbal hostility.
- Conflicts during this stage impact future attachment and worldview.
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Anal Stage (1.5 - 3 years):
- Anal retentive personality pays excessive attention to detail, affecting relationships negatively.
- Anal expulsive personality exhibits carelessness and messiness.
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Phallic Stage (3 - 6 years):
- Electra complex: Girls desire their fathers, leading to penis envy.
- Oedipus complex: Boys have unconscious desires towards their mothers and animosity towards their fathers.
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Latency Stage (6 - Puberty):
- Minimal psychosexual development occurs, focusing on sublimated sexual energy.
Cognitive Development Stages
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Preoperational Stage (2 - 7 years):
- Children use words and images, engage in solitary, parallel, and cooperative play.
- Engages in animism: belief that inanimate objects have life.
- Exhibits transductive reasoning: confusion in cause-and-effect relationships.
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Concrete Operational Stage (7 - 11 years):
- Development of logic; understanding of conservation and reversibility.
Reflexes and Milestones
- Rooting reflex: Infants turn their head toward stimuli on their cheek.
- Moro reflex: Startle response diminishing between 3-6 months; arms, legs, and back arch when startled.
- Infants can typically roll over between 2.5-4 months.
Social and Emotional Development
- Bonding: Critical attachment, particularly with mothers.
- Harry Harlow's experiments: Demonstrated the importance of caregiving and companionship through studies with monkeys.
Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Stages
- Basic Trust vs Mistrust (Birth - 1 year): Establishment of trust with caregivers.
- Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt (1-3 years): Children learn to exercise independence.
- Subsequent stages include Initiative vs Guilt, Industry vs Inferiority, and Identity vs Role Confusion during adolescence.
Identity Development
- Generativity vs Stagnation (40-65 years): Concern for nurturing future generations versus self-centeredness.
- Identity vs Role Confusion (11-18 years): Formation of personal identity or confusion about one’s role.
Moral Development
- Pre-moral level: Choices based on reward and punishment, lacking complex moral understanding.
- Principled stage: Ideal stage of moral reasoning focused on universal principles, transcending specific norms.
Aging and Stress
- Positive aspects of aging: Involves wisdom and acceptance of life experience, despite physical decline.
- Stress factors: Includes conflicts, frustration, and differing personality types (Type A vs Type B).
- Wear and tear theory: Physical and mental deterioration due to aging.
- Secondary aging: Caused by environmental factors and diseases, not inevitable.
Coping with Death
- Stages of grief: Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance, representing emotional responses to loss.
- Hospice care: Specialized care for the terminally ill, focusing on comfort rather than curative treatment.
Self-Concept and Psychology
- Self-Concept: Influenced by societal factors, upbringing, and cultural background.
- Self-Actualization: Striving to realize one’s potential; seldom fully achieved.
Misconceptions in Psychology
- Understanding stress and its complexities; avoiding stress is not straightforward.
- The incorrect assumption that men tend to display specific personality traits; individual variation is significant.
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Description
Test your knowledge with flashcards from Psychology Test #3. This set covers key concepts including fixation and the implications of unresolved psychosexual stages. Perfect for students looking to review important psychological terms and theories.