Psychology Test #3 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What does fixation refer to?

A method of behavior modification

An oral receptive personality

A stage of psychosexual development

A focus on an unresolved issue from an earlier psychosexual stage (correct)

What age range characterizes the oral stage of development?

Birth to 1/2 years old

Describe an oral receptive personality.

A personality type where a person seeks eating, smoking, or other oral pleasure.

What is the age range for the anal stage of development?

1 1/2 to 3 years old Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes an anal retentive personality?

A person who pays obsessive attention to detail. Signup and view all the answers

What is the phallic stage of development?

3 to 6 years old Signup and view all the answers

What does the Electra complex involve?

A girl desires her father and realizes she does not have a penis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Oedipus complex?

The unconscious wish of male children to kill their fathers and sexually possess their mothers. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the latency stage?

An age range of 6 to puberty and minimal psychosexual development. Signup and view all the answers

What age range corresponds to the concrete operational stage?

7 to 11 years old Signup and view all the answers

What is conservation in developmental psychology?

The understanding that a certain quantity remains the same despite changes in shape or appearance. Signup and view all the answers

What does the rooting reflex entail in infants?

Turning of the head in the direction of a stimulus on their cheek. Signup and view all the answers

Men tend to be more empathetic than women.

False Signup and view all the answers

Stress is something you could easily avoid if you know how.

False Signup and view all the answers

What are the stages of death and dying?

Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance. Signup and view all the answers

What is secondary aging?

Aging caused by diseases and environmental factors. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of hospice care?

To provide care for the sick, especially the terminally ill. Signup and view all the answers

What defines the personality types of stress: Type A and Type B?

Type A is competitive and intense; Type B is laid-back. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Psychosexual Development Stages

Fixation: Persistent focus on an unresolved psychosexual development stage, leading to issues like oral fixation (e.g., smoking, nail biting).
Oral Stage (Birth - 1.5 years):
- Oral receptive personality seeks oral pleasures (eating, smoking).
- Oral aggressive personality expresses pleasure through verbal hostility.
- Conflicts during this stage impact future attachment and worldview.
Anal Stage (1.5 - 3 years):
- Anal retentive personality pays excessive attention to detail, affecting relationships negatively.
- Anal expulsive personality exhibits carelessness and messiness.
Phallic Stage (3 - 6 years):
- Electra complex: Girls desire their fathers, leading to penis envy.
- Oedipus complex: Boys have unconscious desires towards their mothers and animosity towards their fathers.
Latency Stage (6 - Puberty):
- Minimal psychosexual development occurs, focusing on sublimated sexual energy.

Cognitive Development Stages

Preoperational Stage (2 - 7 years):
- Children use words and images, engage in solitary, parallel, and cooperative play.
- Engages in animism: belief that inanimate objects have life.
- Exhibits transductive reasoning: confusion in cause-and-effect relationships.
Concrete Operational Stage (7 - 11 years):
- Development of logic; understanding of conservation and reversibility.

Reflexes and Milestones

Rooting reflex: Infants turn their head toward stimuli on their cheek.
Moro reflex: Startle response diminishing between 3-6 months; arms, legs, and back arch when startled.
Infants can typically roll over between 2.5-4 months.

Bonding: Critical attachment, particularly with mothers.
Harry Harlow's experiments: Demonstrated the importance of caregiving and companionship through studies with monkeys.

Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Stages

Basic Trust vs Mistrust (Birth - 1 year): Establishment of trust with caregivers.
Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt (1-3 years): Children learn to exercise independence.
Subsequent stages include Initiative vs Guilt, Industry vs Inferiority, and Identity vs Role Confusion during adolescence.

Identity Development

Generativity vs Stagnation (40-65 years): Concern for nurturing future generations versus self-centeredness.
Identity vs Role Confusion (11-18 years): Formation of personal identity or confusion about one’s role.

Moral Development

Pre-moral level: Choices based on reward and punishment, lacking complex moral understanding.
Principled stage: Ideal stage of moral reasoning focused on universal principles, transcending specific norms.

Aging and Stress

Positive aspects of aging: Involves wisdom and acceptance of life experience, despite physical decline.
Stress factors: Includes conflicts, frustration, and differing personality types (Type A vs Type B).
Wear and tear theory: Physical and mental deterioration due to aging.
Secondary aging: Caused by environmental factors and diseases, not inevitable.

Coping with Death

Stages of grief: Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance, representing emotional responses to loss.
Hospice care: Specialized care for the terminally ill, focusing on comfort rather than curative treatment.

Self-Concept and Psychology

Self-Concept: Influenced by societal factors, upbringing, and cultural background.
Self-Actualization: Striving to realize one’s potential; seldom fully achieved.

Misconceptions in Psychology

Understanding stress and its complexities; avoiding stress is not straightforward.
The incorrect assumption that men tend to display specific personality traits; individual variation is significant.

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Description

Test your knowledge with flashcards from Psychology Test #3. This set covers key concepts including fixation and the implications of unresolved psychosexual stages. Perfect for students looking to review important psychological terms and theories.