Psychology Test 2 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What is Pavlov's experiment primarily associated with?

  • Observational Learning
  • Classical Conditioning (correct)
  • Operant Conditioning
  • Shaping

    • What is an unconditioned stimulus?

    A stimulus that evokes an unconditional response without previous conditioning.

    What is an unconditioned response?

    An unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning.

    What defines a conditioned stimulus?

    <p>A previously neutral stimulus that has acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response through conditioning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a conditioned response?

    <p>A learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during extinction in classical conditioning?

    <p>When a conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented alone until it no longer elicits a conditioned response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is stimulus generalization?

    <p>When a conditioned response is elicited by a new stimulus that resembles the original conditioned stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is discrimination in classical conditioning?

    <p>When a conditioned response is not elicited by a new stimulus that resembles the original conditioned stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is acquisition in classical conditioning?

    <p>Occurs when a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus are paired, gradually resulting in a conditioned response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is spontaneous recovery?

    <p>The reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of non-exposure to the conditioned stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does higher order conditioning refer to?

    <p>When a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was Little Albert?

    <p>A baby in a study by Watson and Rayner who developed a fear of furry animals after being conditioned.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is operant conditioning?

    <p>A type of learning in which responses come to be controlled by their consequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does shaping involve in learning?

    <p>Reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are primary reinforcers?

    <p>Stimuli that satisfy biological needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are secondary reinforcers?

    <p>Conditioned reinforcement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a fixed ratio schedule?

    <p>A reinforcement schedule where the reinforcer is given after a fixed number of non-reinforced responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a variable ratio schedule?

    <p>A reinforcement schedule where the reinforcer is given after a variable number of non-reinforced responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a fixed interval schedule?

    <p>A reinforcement schedule where the reinforcer is given for the first response after a fixed time interval has elapsed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a variable interval schedule?

    <p>A reinforcement schedule where the reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is positive reinforcement?

    <p>Any action provided before or after the behavior that makes the behavior more likely to reoccur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is negative reinforcement?

    <p>Any action removed that makes the behavior more likely to reoccur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is negative punishment?

    <p>Removing a consequence in order to decrease a target behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is positive punishment?

    <p>Some consequence has been added in order to decrease a target behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is taste aversion?

    <p>A conditioned response where an individual associates a particular food with illness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is observational learning?

    <p>Responding is influenced by the observation of others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is Albert Bandura?

    <p>A psychologist who pioneered observational learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the basic processes of observational learning?

    <p>Attention, retention, reproduction, motivation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three processes of memory?

    <p>Encoding, storage, retrieval.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is encoding in memory?

    <p>Getting information into memory; the role of attention, focusing awareness, divided.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is storage in memory?

    <p>Maintaining information in memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is retrieval in memory?

    <p>Getting information out of memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is structural processing?

    <p>Shallow processing that emphasizes the physical structure of the stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is phonemic processing?

    <p>Intermediate processing that emphasizes what a word looks like (rhyme).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is semantic processing?

    <p>Deep processing that emphasizes the meaning of verbal input.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is sensory memory?

    <p>Brief preservation of information in original sensory form, auditory/visual - approximately ¼ second.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is short-term memory?

    <p>Limited duration, about 20 seconds without rehearsal, limited capacity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is long-term memory?

    <p>Unlimited capacity, storage of information over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the gambler's fallacy?

    <p>The mistaken belief that just because something hasn't happened in a while, it is due to happen soon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Gardner's theory of intelligence?

    <p>Defined intelligence in terms of the ability to resolve genuine problems or difficulties as they are encountered.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is reaction range?

    <p>The concept that heredity sets limits on one's intellectual potential, while the quality of the environment influences scoring within this range.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is convergent thinking?

    <p>A cognitive process where one tries to narrow down a list of alternatives to converge on a single correct answer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is divergent thinking?

    <p>A cognitive process where one tries to expand the range of alternatives by generating many possible solutions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is fluid intelligence?

    <p>An innate general ability that includes problem-solving and understanding relationships between objects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is crystallized intelligence?

    <p>The knowledge and skills one has acquired over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is intelligence defined in this context?

    <p>The ability to resolve genuine problems or difficulties as they are encountered.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pavlov's Experiment

    • Classical conditioning demonstrated through Pavlov's research with dogs.
    • Salivation response triggered by meat powder; neutral tone paired with the meat powder.
    • Resulted in dogs salivating to the tone alone after conditioning.

    Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

    • Stimulus that naturally elicits an unconditioned response without prior learning.

    Unconditioned Response (UCR)

    • An innate reaction or response triggered by the unconditioned stimulus without previous conditioning.

    Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

    • Initially neutral stimulus that gains the ability to elicit a conditioned response through pairing with an unconditioned stimulus.

    Conditioned Response (CR)

    • A learned response to a conditioned stimulus resulting from through previous conditioning.

    Extinction

    • Process where a conditioned stimulus is presented alone repeatedly, leading to a decrease in the conditioned response.

    Stimulus Generalization

    • Response elicited by stimuli similar to the original conditioned stimulus, illustrated by Watson and Rayner's study with Little Albert.

    Discrimination

    • The ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other similar stimuli, resulting in no conditioned response for non-conditioned stimuli.

    Acquisition

    • Occurs when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus, leading to the establishment of a conditioned response.

    Spontaneous Recovery

    • The re-emergence of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a pause without exposure to the conditioned stimulus.

    Higher Order Conditioning

    • A process where a conditioned stimulus is used as if it were an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response in another stimulus.

    Little Albert

    • Study conducted by Watson and Rayner involving an 11-month-old baby conditioned to fear a white rat through a loud, frightening noise, leading to a generalized fear of furry objects.

    Operant Conditioning

    • Learning where behaviors are modified by their consequences, as demonstrated by B.F. Skinner with rats and pigeons.

    Shaping

    • Gradual reinforcement of closer approximations to a desired behavior until the final response is achieved.

    Primary Reinforcers

    • Basic reinforcers that satisfy biological needs, such as food and water.

    Secondary Reinforcers

    • Reinforcers that acquire their value through conditioning, not tied to biological needs.

    Fixed Ratio Schedule

    • Reinforcement is given after a set number of non-reinforced responses, encouraging a high response rate.

    Variable Ratio Schedule

    • Reinforcement provided after an unpredictable number of responses, exemplified by casino slot machines, resulting in high response rates.

    Fixed Interval Schedule

    • Reinforcement given after a fixed time interval, rewarding the first response after the interval elapses.

    Variable Interval Schedule

    • Reinforcement offered after varying time intervals, keeping the response rate steady (e.g., getting through on a busy phone line).

    Positive Reinforcement

    • Introduction of a favorable consequence following a behavior, increasing the likelihood of that behavior recurring.

    Negative Reinforcement

    • Removal of an unfavorable outcome, enhancing the likelihood of a behavior occurring again.

    Negative Punishment

    • Decreasing a target behavior by removing a pleasant consequence following the behavior.

    Positive Punishment

    • Addition of an unfavorable outcome to decrease a target behavior.

    Taste Aversion

    • Learned aversion to a food associated with illness, demonstrated by Martin Seligman’s experiment.

    Observational Learning

    • Learning that occurs through observing the actions of others, rather than direct experience.

    Albert Bandura

    • Psychologist known for pioneering research in observational learning, emphasizing that conditioning can occur without direct reinforcement.

    Basic Processes of Observational Learning

    • Attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation are essential stages in learning through observation.

    Three Processes of Memory

    • Encoding (input of information), storage (maintenance of information), and retrieval (accessing information from memory).

    Types of Memory Processing

    • Structural (shallow processing focusing on physical attributes), Phonemic (intermediate processing associated with word sounds), Semantic (deep processing emphasizing meaning).

    Sensory Memory

    • Initial brief storage of sensory information, lasting about one-quarter of a second.

    Short Term Memory

    • Limited capacity memory, lasting approximately 20 seconds without rehearsal.

    Long Term Memory

    • Vast storage capability that can retain information indefinitely, including flashbulb memories.

    Gambler's Fallacy

    • Misbelief that past independent events influence future outcomes (e.g., thinking a losing streak leads to a win).

    Gardner’s Theory of Intelligence

    • Intelligence defined as the ability to solve real-world problems encountered in life.

    Reaction Range

    • Concept indicating that genetics establish potential mental capabilities while environmental factors determine actual IQ scores.

    Convergent Thinking

    • Problem-solving approach focused on narrowing alternatives to find a single correct solution.

    Divergent Thinking

    • Creative approach aimed at generating multiple potential solutions.

    Fluid Intelligence

    • Innate cognitive ability involving problem-solving and understanding relationships that tends to decline with age.

    Crystallized Intelligence

    • Accumulation of knowledge, skills, and factual information developed through life experiences and education.

    Intelligence

    • Defined as the capability to effectively address genuine problems as they arise.

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    Description

    This quiz focuses on key concepts related to classical conditioning, particularly Pavlov's experiment and the principles of unconditioned stimuli. Enhance your understanding by reviewing these important terms and definitions. It's perfect for anyone studying psychology or preparing for an exam.

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