Psychology Statistical Significance Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What are descriptive statistics?

A measure of variability only

Numbers calculated for hypothesis testing

Numbers indicating central tendency and variability (correct)

Predictions derived from theories

What is the standard deviation?

A measure of variability indicating how tightly the scores are clustered around the mean.

What are inferential statistics?

Numbers calculated to provide evidence supporting or opposing a hypothesis.

A prediction derived from a theory is called a ___

hypothesis Signup and view all the answers

What is an experimental group?

Participants who receive the treatment level of the independent variable. Signup and view all the answers

What is a control group?

Participants who do not receive the treatment in an experiment. Signup and view all the answers

What does the correlation coefficient indicate?

The precise numerical relationship between two variables, ranging from -1.0 to +1.0. Signup and view all the answers

What is random assignment in experiments?

Assigning participants to conditions by chance. Signup and view all the answers

What does statistical significance refer to?

Whether a research result is unlikely to have occurred by chance. Signup and view all the answers

What is the null hypothesis?

A statistical assumption about the absence of an effect. Signup and view all the answers

What is Null Hypothesis Significance Testing (NHST)?

An approach comparing observed outcomes to what would be expected if the null hypothesis is true. Signup and view all the answers

What is the p-level?

The probability of finding a difference assuming the null hypothesis is true. Signup and view all the answers

What is a sample in research?

A set of measurements from a group selected from a larger population. Signup and view all the answers

What does effect size indicate?

The size of a difference between two values, not affected by sample size. Signup and view all the answers

What is a confidence interval?

A range of scores within which a value of interest is likely to fall. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term population refer to in research?

A group of people (or animals) whose behavior is of interest to researchers. Signup and view all the answers

What are error bars?

Lines indicating variability or uncertainty around a point on a graph. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Descriptive Statistics

Involves numbers derived from a distribution of scores highlighting central tendency (average) and variability (spread around the average).

Standard Deviation

Indicates the degree of variability by showing how closely scores are clustered around the mean.

Inferential Statistics

Provides statistical evidence regarding hypotheses by analyzing a distribution of scores.

Hypotheses

Formulated as testable predictions, often based on theoretical frameworks.

Experimental Group

Comprised of participants who receive the treatment corresponding to the independent variable in an experiment.

Control Group

Consists of participants who do not receive the treatment, serving as a baseline for comparison in experiments.

Correlation Coefficient

Measures the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables, ranging from -1.0 (perfect negative correlation) to +1.0 (perfect positive correlation); a coefficient of 0 indicates no relationship.

Random Assignment

Method used in experiments to assign participants randomly to experimental or control groups, reducing preexisting differences.

Statistical Significance

Assesses whether a result is unlikely to have occurred by chance, based on random behavior variations; a low probability indicates statistical significance.

Null Hypothesis

Represents a presumption of no effect or no difference between values within hypothesis testing.

Null Hypothesis Significance Testing (NHST)

Evaluates research outcomes by comparing observed results against what would be expected if the null hypothesis were true.

p-level

Defines the probability of obtaining a difference as extreme or greater than measured, assuming the null hypothesis is accurate; a p-level below 0.05 indicates statistical significance.

Sample

Refers to selected measurements from a segment of the larger population of interest for research purposes.

Effect Size

Quantitative measure reflecting the magnitude of the difference between two values, independent of sample size.

Confidence Interval

Represents a calculated range within which the true population parameter, such as the mean, is likely to fall, typically set at a 95% probability.

Population

Encompasses the entire group of individuals (or animals) of interest for research, from which samples are drawn for measurement.

Error Bars

Visual indicators on graphs that depict variability or uncertainty surrounding research results.

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Description

Master the essential terms of statistics in psychology with these flashcards. Explore concepts such as descriptive statistics, standard deviation, and inferential statistics to enhance your understanding of data analysis. Perfect for students looking to sharpen their statistical knowledge in psychology.