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Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes an unconditioned stimulus in classical conditioning?
Which of the following best describes an unconditioned stimulus in classical conditioning?
- An automatic response to a specific stimulus after conditioning
- A stimulus that naturally evokes a response without prior conditioning (correct)
- A response that decreases in strength due to repeated exposure
- A previously neutral stimulus that gains the ability to elicit a response
What is the primary goal of free association in psychoanalysis?
What is the primary goal of free association in psychoanalysis?
- To establish a classical conditioning response
- To evaluate the accuracy of a patient's memories
- To reinforce desired behaviors through rewards
- To uncover unconscious thoughts and feelings (correct)
Which of the following statements correctly identifies a conditioned response?
Which of the following statements correctly identifies a conditioned response?
- A reflex that occurs independent of any stimulus
- An instinctual behavior that does not require learning
- An innate reaction to an unconditioned stimulus
- A learned reaction to a previously neutral stimulus after conditioning (correct)
In the context of behavior psychology, which term describes a stimulus that increases the likelihood of a behavior by providing a pleasant outcome?
In the context of behavior psychology, which term describes a stimulus that increases the likelihood of a behavior by providing a pleasant outcome?
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Which of the following best explains the Rorschach test?
Which of the following best explains the Rorschach test?
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Study Notes
Cognitive Psychology
- Focuses on mental processes including perception, memory, and problem-solving.
- Explores how people understand, diagnose, and solve problems.
- Important theories include information processing and cognitive development.
Psychoanalysis
- Founded by Sigmund Freud, emphasizing the role of the unconscious mind.
- Techniques include dream analysis and free association.
- Key concepts include defense mechanisms and the structure of personality (id, ego, superego).
Behavioral Psychology
- Examines observable behaviors and the ways they're learned.
- Key founders include John Watson and B.F. Skinner, who studied conditioning.
- Emphasizes the impact of the environment on behavior.
Dream Interpolation
- Refers to the method of interpreting dreams to understand underlying thoughts and feelings.
- Dreams are seen as a reflection of the unconscious mind, often revealing hidden desires.
Rorschach Test
- A psychological test involving inkblots to analyze personality and emotional functioning.
- Responses are interpreted to uncover unconscious thoughts and feelings.
- Used to identify emotional and psychological disorders.
Free Association
- A therapeutic technique where patients speak freely about their thoughts, feelings, and dreams.
- Aims to reveal repressed emotions and conflicts.
- Helps to access the unconscious mind.
Conscious and Unconscious Mind
- The conscious mind contains thoughts and feelings we are actively aware of.
- The unconscious mind holds repressed memories and desires, influencing behavior indirectly.
- Freudian theory emphasizes the struggle between both realms.
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
- A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without prior learning.
- Example: Food in Pavlov’s experiments.
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
- A previously neutral stimulus that, after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus, elicits a conditioned response.
- Example: The sound of a bell in Pavlov’s experiment after being associated with food.
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
- The natural reaction to an unconditioned stimulus.
- Example: Salivation in response to food.
Operant Conditioning
- A learning process through reinforcement or punishment, influencing behavior.
- Developed by B.F. Skinner, emphasizing consequences that follow behaviors.
Classical Conditioning
- A learning process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response.
- Discovered by Ivan Pavlov through experiments with dogs.
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