Questions and Answers
What is the definition of psychology?
What is the science of behavior and mental processes?
Psychology
What early school of thought was promoted by Wundt and Titchener?
Structuralism
What early school of thought explored how mental and behavioral processes function?
Signup and view all the answers
Who established the first psychology laboratory?
Signup and view all the answers
Who were two significant figures in early psychology and their contributions?
Signup and view all the answers
Which woman was the first to receive a psychology Ph.D.?
Signup and view all the answers
What event defined the start of scientific psychology?
Signup and view all the answers
Why did introspection fail as a method for understanding the mind?
Signup and view all the answers
What does cognitive psychology scientifically explore?
Signup and view all the answers
Who was a leading behaviorist that studied how consequences shape behavior?
Signup and view all the answers
What controversial ideas did Sigmund Freud introduce?
Signup and view all the answers
What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with 'Little Albert'?
Signup and view all the answers
What is behaviorism?
Signup and view all the answers
What does humanistic psychology emphasize?
Signup and view all the answers
What is cognitive neuroscience?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the nature-nurture issue?
Signup and view all the answers
What defines the nature-nurture experiment?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the levels of analysis refer to?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the bio psychosocial approach?
Signup and view all the answers
What is clinical psychology?
Signup and view all the answers
What is psychiatry?
Signup and view all the answers
What is positive psychology?
Signup and view all the answers
What is hindsight bias?
Signup and view all the answers
What does counseling psychology assist people with?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Psychology Overview
- Psychology is the science that examines behavior and mental processes.
- It seeks to understand how individuals think, feel, and act.
Key Theoretical Foundations
- Structuralism: Founded by Wundt and Titchener; utilized introspection to analyze the mind’s structure.
- Functionalism: Influenced by Darwin and promoted by James; studies mental and behavioral processes to understand their role in adaptation and survival.
Influential Figures
- Wilhelm Wundt: Established the first psychology laboratory in 1879 at the University of Leipzig, Germany, heralding the start of scientific psychology.
- William James: A prominent teacher and writer; authored a pivotal psychology textbook in 1890 and mentored Mary Whiton Calkins, a trailblazer in memory research and first female president of the APA.
- Margaret Floy Washburn: First woman to earn a psychology Ph.D.; contributed significantly to animal behavior studies in "The Animal Mind."
Methodological Developments
- Introspection: A method used in early psychology that failed due to variability in self-reports influenced by personal factors like intelligence and verbal skills.
- Behaviorism: An objective approach advocated by Watson, Skinner, and Rayner that focuses on observable behavior rather than mental processes.
Major Psychological Approaches
- Cognitive Psychology: Investigates how people perceive, process, and remember information, addressing issues like anxiety and depression.
- Humanistic Psychology: Emphasizes the potential for personal growth and the importance of healthy psychological development.
- Cognitive Neuroscience: Explores brain activity related to cognitive functions including perception, memory, and language.
Key Issues in Psychology
- Nature-Nurture Issue: Ongoing debate over the impact of genetics versus environment on psychological development; current perspectives emphasize their interaction.
- Nature-nurture Experiments: Studies of identical twins help illuminate hereditary and environmental influences on traits like intelligence and personality.
Analytical Frameworks
- Levels of Analysis: Various complementary perspectives (biological, psychological, social-cultural) for examining phenomena.
- Biopsychosocial Approach: Integrates biological, psychological, and socio-cultural dimensions in understanding psychological issues.
Branches of Psychology
- Clinical Psychology: Focuses on diagnosing and treating psychological disorders through assessment and therapy.
- Psychiatry: A medical specialization involving treatment of psychological disorders, often with medication alongside therapy.
- Counseling Psychology: Aids individuals in managing life challenges and achieving personal well-being.
- Positive Psychology: Researches optimal human functioning and the factors contributing to overall happiness and fulfillment.
Cognitive Biases
- Hindsight Bias: The inclination to believe one would have predicted an outcome after it has already occurred, showcasing human cognitive distortion.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Explore the fundamental concepts and key figures in psychology. This quiz provides insights into structuralism and functionalism, as well as contributions from pioneers like Wundt, James, and Washburn. Test your knowledge on how these theories shape our understanding of behavior and mental processes.
