Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is interval timing?
What is interval timing?
Interval timing operates on timescales of milliseconds to minutes, distributed in various brain regions and may use distinct mechanisms.
How do animals use timing in predator-prey relationships?
How do animals use timing in predator-prey relationships?
Animals use internal measures of time to predict the duration for which predators stay in a given area and to optimize their responses accordingly.
Which brain regions are involved in interval timing from milliseconds to hours?
Which brain regions are involved in interval timing from milliseconds to hours?
Various brain regions are involved, including neurons in the auditory cortex and cerebellum.
How does our concept of time relate to sensory organs?
How does our concept of time relate to sensory organs?
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What role do diverse timescales play in the brain's interpretation of time?
What role do diverse timescales play in the brain's interpretation of time?
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How is the concept of interval timing entangled with behaviors?
How is the concept of interval timing entangled with behaviors?
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What is path integration and how is it related to interval timing?
What is path integration and how is it related to interval timing?
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How do several circuits contribute to generating timing information?
How do several circuits contribute to generating timing information?
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What role do grid cells play in spatial integration according to the text?
What role do grid cells play in spatial integration according to the text?
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How do border cells influence the spatial integration process?
How do border cells influence the spatial integration process?
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What does the periodic temporal cell encode?
What does the periodic temporal cell encode?
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Describe the role of the temporal derivative cell.
Describe the role of the temporal derivative cell.
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What is the primary function of the entorhinal cortex in relation to the hippocampus?
What is the primary function of the entorhinal cortex in relation to the hippocampus?
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What is the difference between the posterior hippocampus and the entorhinal cortex in encoding navigational information?
What is the difference between the posterior hippocampus and the entorhinal cortex in encoding navigational information?
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How do pyramidal cells of the hippocampus contribute to cognitive mapping?
How do pyramidal cells of the hippocampus contribute to cognitive mapping?
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What happens in the neurons of the superchiasmatic nucleus (SCN) related to circadian rhythms?
What happens in the neurons of the superchiasmatic nucleus (SCN) related to circadian rhythms?
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Study Notes
Navigating through Time
- Interval timing is related to spatial navigation, and both are crucial for survival in predator-prey relationships.
Introduction to Timing
- Time is essential for animal behavior, influencing actions such as foraging and predator avoidance.
- The brain interprets time differently in various parts, with cells used for spatial path integration.
- Spatial path integration occurs through the integration of information from different sensory inputs.
- The body has multiple internal clocks that measure time durations, which are integrated for spatial navigation.
Interval Timing
- Interval timing operates on timescales from milliseconds to minutes, involving distinct brain regions and mechanisms.
- This type of timing is involved in various behaviors and can be generated through sequential or ramping activity patterns.
- Timing is a pervasive yet elusive concept, unclear if it's a physical quantity or not.
- No sensory organ can directly detect time, but our perception and concept of time are innate and naturally ingrained.
- Foraging animals use internal timing models to estimate predator duration and optimize capture strategies.
- Predators also use timing to maximize prey capture, taking into account distance and velocity.
Timing in the Brain
- Neurons in the auditory cortex are tuned to millisecond intervals in inter-lick intervals.
- In eye-blink conditioning, cerebellar neurons respond just before the air puff, illustrating the role of the cerebellum in timing.
- The cerebellum is involved in generating behaviorally skilled sequences, with diverse timescales and neural circuits.
Spatial Integration in 2 Dimensions
- The current position of an animal is shown in x, while the internal estimate of position is shown in gray.
- There are five types of cells involved in spatial integration: Speed Cell, Head Direction Cell, Grid Cell, Place Cell, and Border Cell.
Functions of Cells
- Speed Cell: encodes speed
- Head Direction Cell: encodes orientation of animal with uncertainty
- Grid Cell: encodes periodic representation of position
- Place Cell: encodes current position
- Border Cell: encodes close proximity to a place
- Grid cells integrate speed and orientation signals to generate single-peaked place cells
- Border cells correct and reset these positions
Interval Timing through Time Integration in One Dimension (1D)
- Elapsed Time: measured after start cell
- External Time: measured in t-blocks
- Internal Time Estimate: if it is nearer or less to external time shown in gray
- Periodic Temporal Cell: encodes moment-to-moment internal presentation of time until stop encountered
Interval Timing-Including Cells
- Temporal Derivative Cell: encodes interval derivative of temporal cell's presentation of time
- Temporal Derivative Cells are integrated by hypothesized firing temporal cells
- Border Cells: reset on correct encoding of time at start time in temporal and time cells on stop positions
Pyramidal Cells of Hippocampus
- Sequentially during delay period neurons in counter and stratum encode delay period to various spatial patterns including roaming activity
- Speed Cell: encodes speed
Memory in Lateral Enterohinal Cortex
- Responds to cumulative duration in alteration to various times shown in gray
Tranexiption-Translation Feedback Loop
- In neurons of superchiasmatic nucleus (SCN) result in 24-4 circadian rhythm
Pyramidal Cells of Hippocampus
- Process sensory and motor cues to form cognitive map, encoding spatial, contextual, and emotional information which transmit towards brain
Basal Ganglia
- A group of subcortical nuclei responsible primarily for control of motor functions, executive functions, learning, and memory
Striatum
- Part of basal ganglia
- Involved in habit formation, reward, and motor control
Entorhinal Cortex
- Multisensory area
- Primary interface with hippocampus
- Involved in memory, navigation, and perception of time
Lateral Entorhinal Cortex
- Process one of major pathways to hippocampus
- Process non-spatial contextual information about episodic memory
Difference Between Hippocampus & Entorhinal Cortex
- The posterior hippocampus encodes path during travel, making decisions and detours, while the entorhinal cortex encodes distance along with vectors when the goal is set
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Description
Explore the concept of interval timing, its relationship with spatial navigation, and how animals use timing in their behaviors. Discover how the brain interprets time and the different clocks in our body that measure time durations.
