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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT one of the techniques of neutralization identified in the content?
Which of the following is NOT one of the techniques of neutralization identified in the content?
According to Social Bonding Theory, an increase in attachment to delinquent peers leads to an increase in deviance.
According to Social Bonding Theory, an increase in attachment to delinquent peers leads to an increase in deviance.
True
What are the four components of Social Bonding Theory?
What are the four components of Social Bonding Theory?
Attachment, Commitment, Involvement, Belief
The __________ theory suggests that delinquency requires justification, excuses, and rationalizations.
The __________ theory suggests that delinquency requires justification, excuses, and rationalizations.
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Match the theories with their main focus:
Match the theories with their main focus:
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What is the primary cause of less self-control in individuals?
What is the primary cause of less self-control in individuals?
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Self-control continues to develop beyond the age of seven.
Self-control continues to develop beyond the age of seven.
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What are the two types of deviance according to labeling theory?
What are the two types of deviance according to labeling theory?
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The concept of the ___________ self suggests that our self-concepts are influenced by how others perceive us.
The concept of the ___________ self suggests that our self-concepts are influenced by how others perceive us.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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Which of the following characteristics is associated with less self-control?
Which of the following characteristics is associated with less self-control?
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Negative labeling can only have negative effects on individuals.
Negative labeling can only have negative effects on individuals.
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Who is a key sociologist associated with labeling theory?
Who is a key sociologist associated with labeling theory?
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Which concept focuses on the idea that individuals learn behaviors through interactions in intimate group settings?
Which concept focuses on the idea that individuals learn behaviors through interactions in intimate group settings?
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Reintegrative shaming can lead to negative labeling and increased deviance.
Reintegrative shaming can lead to negative labeling and increased deviance.
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What are the two types of social control identified by Reiss?
What are the two types of social control identified by Reiss?
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According to Hirschi, social bonding theory proposes that strong social ______ can prevent delinquent behavior.
According to Hirschi, social bonding theory proposes that strong social ______ can prevent delinquent behavior.
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What type of definition involves beliefs that make a behavior morally desirable?
What type of definition involves beliefs that make a behavior morally desirable?
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Primary deviance refers to the initial act of rule-breaking that may not result in a label of deviant.
Primary deviance refers to the initial act of rule-breaking that may not result in a label of deviant.
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Match the theories with their primary focuses:
Match the theories with their primary focuses:
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What do Akers' concepts of differential reinforcement refer to?
What do Akers' concepts of differential reinforcement refer to?
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Study Notes
Self-Control
- Effective socialization is the source of self-control.
- Self-control develops through adequate child-rearing practices.
- Less self-control stems from ineffective or incomplete socialization.
- Self-control is generally fixed by the age of 7.
Characteristics of Less Self-Control
- Impulsivity
- Risk-seeking behavior
- Simplicity in thought and action
- Anger and frustration
- Self-centeredness
- Physicality in problem-solving
Labeling Theory: Becker, Cooley, Braithwaite
- Deviance is not a quality of an act but a consequence of applying rules and labels to individuals.
- Social groups create deviance by establishing rules that lead to it and applying these rules to specific people.
- Labeling theory emphasizes the role of social interactions in creating deviance.
- The 'looking-glass self' explains that our self-concept is a reflection of how others perceive us.
Primary and Secondary Deviance
- Primary deviance: arises from various sources and is often sporadic and transitory.
- An individual commits primary deviance without realizing the act is deviant.
- Labeling can lead to secondary deviance:
- Altering the individual's self-concept
- Limiting conventional opportunities and relationships
- Encouraging movement into deviant subcultures
Containment Theory: Reckless
- This theory identifies push and pull factors that motivate delinquency.
- Inner and outer containment work to constrain behavior.
- Inner containment includes internal control and self-esteem, while outer containment refers to social controls like family, friends, and community.
- Containment aims to counteract push and pull factors.
Techniques of Neutralization: Sykes and Matza
- Delinquency often requires justification, excuses, and rationalizations.
- Sykes and Matza identified five techniques of neutralization:
- Denial of responsibility
- Denial of injury
- Denial of the victim
- Condemnation of the condemners
- Appeal to higher loyalties
Social Bonding Theory: Hirschi
- Stronger social bonds reduce deviance.
- Four key components of social bonding:
- Attachment (to conventional others)
- Commitment (to conventional activities and goals)
- Involvement (in conventional activities)
- Belief (in conventional values and norms)
- Increased attachment to delinquent peers is impossible.
- Increased involvement leads to decreased deviance due to limited time for deviant activities.
- Belief in conventional values and norms varies across people and contexts.
General Theory of Crime: Gottfredson and Hirschi
- This theory proposes that individual differences in self-control explain variations in criminal behavior.
- Weak or broken social bonds lead to increased deviance.
- This theory has received substantial empirical support, particularly for parental attachment and prosocial peer relationships.
- Individuals with low self-control are more likely to engage in risky and impulsive behaviors, increasing their risk factors for delinquency.
Differential Association: Sutherland
- Differential association theory emphasizes the role of social learning in acquiring deviant behaviors.
- Learning happens in intimate group settings (primary and secondary groups) and through reference, virtual, and symbolic groups.
- Modalities of association include frequency, duration, priority, and intensity.
Differential Association: Akers
- This theory builds upon Sutherland's work, incorporating elements of social psychology, reinforcement through conditioning, and operant and classical conditioning.
- It proposes that individuals learn to commit deviant acts through interactions with others who hold favorable attitudes and behaviors.
- Four key concepts:
- Differential Association: Individuals learn deviant behavior through interactions with others.
- Definitions: Beliefs and attitudes associated with a behavior.
- Differential Reinforcement: Balance of rewards and punishments following a behavior.
- Imitation: Observing and modeling the behavior of others.
Social Control Theory: Reiss
- This theory focuses on the breakdown of internal and external controls as a cause of delinquency.
- Internal control refers to individual self-control, while external control includes social institutions like family, school, and community.
- Delinquency arises from a failure of social controls.
Social Control Theory: Nye
- This theory builds on Reiss's work, adding two key components:
- Direct control: Punishment and reward systems imposed by parents and society.
- Indirect control: Anticipation of negative consequences from parents and society.
Social Control Theory: Sykes and Matza
- This theory explores how delinquents neutralize societal norms, temporarily suspending their moral obligation to conform.
- Techniques of Neutralization provide justifications for deviant behavior, allowing individuals to rationalize their actions.
- This theory is important for understanding how individuals navigate their social world and explain and justify their actions.
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Description
Explore the concepts of self-control and deviance in this quiz. Understand how effective socialization affects self-control development and the implications of labeling theory. Delve into characteristics of less self-control and the distinctions between primary and secondary deviance.
