Psychology of Prosocial Behaviour
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Questions and Answers

What is the first step in the decision-making process model during an emergency?

  • Provide help
  • Take responsibility for providing help
  • Notice something is happening (correct)
  • Interpret the situation as an emergency

What phenomenon describes the belief that other bystanders will take responsibility in an emergency?

  • Bystander effect
  • Cost-benefit analysis
  • Diffusion of responsibility (correct)
  • Arousal effect

According to the arousal/cost-reward model, what primarily predicts prosocial behavior?

  • Cost-benefit analysis (correct)
  • Frequency of emergencies
  • Emotional state of the victim
  • Presence of authority figures

What impact does being in a good mood have on helping behavior?

<p>It increases the likelihood of helping (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following environmental factors generally promotes friendlier behavior toward others?

<p>Rural towns (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which step in the decision-making process model involves deciding how to assist?

<p>Decide how to help (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can significantly increase altruistic behavior according to the content?

<p>Modelling by others (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential cost considered in the arousal/cost-reward model?

<p>Risk of physical harm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which behaviour is defined as assisting others without any expectation of personal gain?

<p>Altruistic behaviour (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the kin selection principle suggest about altruistic behaviour?

<p>People are more likely to assist close relatives (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In life-or-death situations, whom are people reported to prioritize for help?

<p>Close relatives, children, and healthy individuals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which personality trait is associated with higher rates of altruistic behaviour?

<p>Empathy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do religious teachings generally influence prosocial behaviour?

<p>They emphasize the importance of helping others (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor is suggested to affect the likelihood of individuals helping in risky situations?

<p>Gender roles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is moral reasoning in the context of altruism and prosocial behaviour?

<p>A consideration of broader moral standards when offering assistance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about gender and helping behaviour is accurate?

<p>Men are more likely to assist in dangerous situations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary motivation according to the empathy-altruism hypothesis?

<p>To share in the feelings of the person in distress (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hypothesis asserts that people help others mainly to alleviate their own negative feelings?

<p>Negative-State Relief Hypothesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to less helpful behavior in urban settings, according to the urban overload hypothesis?

<p>High population density (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is characterized as selfless concern for the well-being of others?

<p>Altruism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What negative emotion might motivate someone to help, according to the content?

<p>Fear of punishment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the empathy-altruism hypothesis, which of the following is not a characteristic of empathy?

<p>Personal gain from helping (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered the primary motivation for helping, according to the negative-state relief hypothesis?

<p>Relief from one's own negative emotions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is mentioned as contributing to urban individuals being less helpful?

<p>Perceived anonymity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is most likely to motivate individuals to engage in long-term helping behaviors?

<p>Empathic factors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic factor is stated to influence the likelihood of receiving help?

<p>Gender (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What social norm encourages individuals to give back to those who have helped them?

<p>Norm of social reciprocity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of attractive individuals concerning receiving help?

<p>They are more likely to receive help. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does age affect helping behaviors?

<p>Age can influence both the desire for and the receipt of help. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which personality trait is least likely to facilitate receiving help?

<p>Confidence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the self-evaluation maintenance model suggest about helping behavior?

<p>Our self-esteem can be threatened by others' superior performance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What psychological norm implies an obligation to assist those in need?

<p>Norm of social responsibility (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily characterizes altruistic behavior?

<p>Helping without expectation of personal gain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What principle suggests that people are more likely to help those with whom they share more genes?

<p>Kin selection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor significantly influences moral reasoning in children?

<p>Direct teaching from parents (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In emergency situations, which group of individuals is often prioritized for help due to kin selection?

<p>Immediate family members (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is likely to improve the chances of people providing help in an emergency situation?

<p>Observing a clear and vivid emergency (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept explains the tendency for individuals to feel less responsible for helping in groups?

<p>Diffusion of responsibility (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological trait is linked to higher chances of engaging in prosocial behavior?

<p>High in empathy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are men more likely to help in heroic situations compared to women, according to the content?

<p>Men face fewer costs for helping (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following moods can potentially increase the likelihood of prosocial behavior?

<p>Contentment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the impact of religion on prosocial behavior?

<p>Religious teachings emphasize the importance of cooperation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the arousal/cost-reward model, what primarily motivates an individual's decision to help?

<p>Potential costs and rewards (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of empathy on altruism?

<p>It raises understanding and emotional response, fostering help (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can help clarify a situation as an emergency when seeking help from others?

<p>Labeling the situation as an emergency (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one factor that influences people's willingness to help others in a community setting?

<p>Population density (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common behavior can serve to increase altruism when observed in others?

<p>Modeling of helping behavior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do personal rewards potentially influence decisions about providing help?

<p>They can increase the likelihood of helping others. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is predominantly linked to an increased likelihood of receiving help?

<p>Age (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the norm that suggests individuals feel obligated to help those in need?

<p>Norm of social responsibility (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about gender differences in seeking help is true?

<p>Women typically receive help more than men. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is least likely to impact the likelihood of receiving help?

<p>Intellectual intelligence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept describes a situation where one's self-esteem may be threatened due to another individual's superior performance?

<p>Self-evaluation maintenance model (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does attractiveness play in receiving help?

<p>Attractive individuals tend to receive more assistance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of the norm of reciprocity in social interactions?

<p>People typically return favors when helped. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which personality trait is most associated with a higher likelihood of receiving help?

<p>Extraversion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary motivation for helping others according to the empathy-altruism hypothesis?

<p>A desire to do good for others (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hypothesis suggests that helping behaviors are primarily motivated by alleviating one's own negative feelings?

<p>Negative-state relief hypothesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the negative-state relief hypothesis, what is considered the primary motivation for helping others?

<p>Relief from one's own negative emotions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor contributing to less helpful behavior in urban settings?

<p>Familiarity with other individuals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the empathy-altruism hypothesis imply about the nature of altruism?

<p>It involves understanding others' feelings (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one consequence of reduction of aversive arousal in helping behavior?

<p>Increased altruistic behavior (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the urban overload hypothesis?

<p>People in cities feel overwhelmed and tend to withdraw socially. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is seen as an unintended consequence of helping behavior in the empathy-altruism hypothesis?

<p>Enhanced emotional well-being (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Prosocial behaviour

Any action intended to help another person, like cooperating, sharing, or comforting.

Altruistic behaviour

Helping someone without expecting any personal benefit, purely for the sake of the other person.

Kinship selection

The idea that we're more likely to help those who are closely related to us, sharing more genes.

Reciprocal prosocial behaviour

Helping others with the expectation that they might help us in return, forming bonds.

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Empathy

Understanding and sharing someone else's feelings, stepping into their shoes.

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Moral reasoning

A personality trait where someone's willingness to help is based on broader moral values, not just personal gain.

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Religion and prosocial behaviour

Religious teachings often emphasize helping others and cooperation.

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Situational factors' influence

Factors in the environment can influence how likely we are to help someone in need.

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Decision-Making Process Model

A series of steps people go through when deciding whether to help someone in an emergency.

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Notice Something is Happening

The first step in the decision-making process model where individuals recognize that something unusual or potentially needing help is occurring.

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Interpret it as an Emergency

The second step, where individuals assess the situation to determine if it truly requires immediate assistance.

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Take Responsibility

The third step; individuals decide if they will personally intervene or if someone else will.

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Diffusion of Responsibility

The belief that other people present in a situation will take responsibility, which leads to inaction.

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Arousal/Cost-Reward Model

This model uses rational cost-benefit analysis to predict prosocial behavior. It considers potential rewards and costs to both the helper and the person in need.

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Good Mood Effect

The tendency for individuals in a positive mood to be more likely to engage in prosocial behaviors.

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Modeling

Observing others engage in prosocial behavior can increase an individual's own tendency to help.

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Urban Overload Hypothesis

This hypothesis suggests that people in cities are less likely to help because they are constantly bombarded with stimuli, leading them to be overwhelmed and less attentive to others' needs.

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Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis

This hypothesis proposes that helping behavior is driven by genuine concern for the well-being of others. People experience empathy, which involves understanding and sharing the feelings of the person in need, and this motivates them to help.

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Negative-State Relief Hypothesis

This hypothesis suggests that people help others primarily to relieve their own negative feelings, such as discomfort or guilt. Helping others makes them feel better about themselves.

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Similarity

The Urban Overload Hypothesis suggests that people are less likely to help strangers in cities because they are more likely to be different from them. This idea of 'similarity' suggests that people are more likely to help those who share their characteristics, beliefs, or values.

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Anonymity

The Urban Overload Hypothesis also highlights the role of anonymity in reducing helping behavior. People in cities often feel less identifiable and connected to others, making them less likely to feel accountable for their actions.

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Aversive Arousal

The most common egoistic explanation for helping is that people want to reduce the unpleasant arousal they experience when witnessing someone in distress.

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Fear of Punishment

This theory suggests that people might help others to avoid feeling guilty or being punished for not helping.

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Desire for Reward

People might help others hoping for a reward, such as social approval, praise, or feeling good about themselves.

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Helping Motivation: Reward

People are more likely to help when they believe others will notice and think better of them for it. This suggests that sometimes helping is driven by the desire for social approval.

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Helping Motivation: Empathy

Helping behavior rooted in empathy, understanding and sharing another's feelings, is more likely to lead to long-term helping compared to egoistic motivations.

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Gender and Helping

Women are more likely to receive help than men. This could be due to societal norms valuing women's well-being and men being less likely to ask for help.

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Age and Help Seeking

Age influences both how much help we want and how much help we receive. This suggests that different life stages might have different needs for assistance.

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Attractiveness and Help

Attractive people are more likely to receive help and lost belongings returned. This bias suggests that appearances can influence how people are treated.

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Norm of Reciprocity

People tend to give back to those who have given to them. This social norm encourages mutual assistance and strengthens relationships.

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Norm of Social Responsibility

We have an obligation to help those in need, regardless of personal gain. This norm emphasizes the importance of community and shared responsibility.

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Similarity and Helping

We are more likely to help those who are similar to us, sharing interests, values, or background. This can strengthen bonds and increase empathy.

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What are the benefits to the self?

The Negative-State Relief Hypothesis suggests that people help others because it brings personal benefits. These benefits can be reducing aversive arousal, avoiding punishment, or gaining rewards.

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Reduction of Aversive Arousal

People might help to reduce the uncomfortable feelings they experience when witnessing someone in distress.

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Why help close relatives?

Helping relatives, especially those who can reproduce, is more likely to help our genes survive. This is called kinship selection.

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What's the link between empathy and helping?

People with high empathy understand and share others' emotions. They're more likely to help those in need.

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Moral reasoning: How does it influence helping?

Moral reasoning means helping based on principles, not personal gain. It's about doing the right thing, not just for yourself.

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What's the good mood effect?

When we feel good, we're more likely to help others. It's like spreading the good vibes!

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Modeling: How does it impact helping?

Seeing others help increases our own likelihood to help. It's like learning by example.

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What's the Urban Overload Hypothesis?

In big cities, people are overwhelmed by stimuli. This makes them less likely to help others in need.

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What does the Arousal/Cost-Reward Model explain?

People analyze the potential rewards and costs before helping. If the rewards outweigh the costs, they're more likely to help.

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What is the Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis?

This hypothesis says helping is driven by genuine concern for others. Empathy motivates us to help their well-being.

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What motivates long-term helping?

Empathy, understanding and sharing someone's feelings, leads to more enduring help compared to egoistic motives like self-preservation.

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Who gets more help?

Women are more likely to receive assistance than men due to societal norms valuing their well-being and men being less comfortable asking for help.

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Age and Help

Our age affects how much help we both want and receive. Different life stages have different needs for support.

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What threatens our self-esteem?

The Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model suggests that our self-concept can be damaged if someone performs better than us in an area that's important to us. This can lead to less help for those who excel.

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Study Notes

Prosocial Behaviour

  • Prosocial behaviour is any behaviour intended to help another person. This can include cooperating, sharing, and comforting.
  • Altruistic behaviour is a specific type of prosocial behaviour. It involves helping others without expecting anything in return.

Evolutionary Factors

  • Altruistic behaviour can involve helping others at a personal cost.
  • An evolutionary perspective suggests that altruistic actions are driven by the desire to ensure the survival of one's genes.
  • Individuals engage in costly behaviours to benefit those who share their genes (kinship selection).

Evidence for Kinship Selection

  • Evidence suggests people are more altruistic towards close relatives who are more likely to reproduce.
  • Kin selection means people are more likely to help close relatives.
  • In life-or-death situations, people prioritize those who share their genes—young, healthy, and pre-menopausal women.

Reciprocal Prosocial Behaviour

  • People engage in prosocial behaviours with those who are not related to them.

Are Men or Women More Helpful?

  • Men tend to be more likely than women to be helpful in heroic situations like rescuing someone from a burning building.
  • This difference may be due to societal expectations and fewer perceived costs for men in such situations
  • This also relates to gender roles. Women are more likely to receive help than men.

Personality

  • High empathy means people understand and share the feelings of others.
  • Moral reasoning also affects people's willingness to help, based on broader moral standards rather than individual benefit.
  • Parenting plays a significant role in the way a child approaches helping others. Shyness, anxiety, and extraversion can influence willingness to receive help.

Religion

  • Religious teachings often emphasize the importance of prosocial behaviour.
  • A common religious principle is "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you".

Situational Factors Influencing Helping

  • Decision-making process models detail the steps for helping:
    • Notice something is happening
    • Interpreting it as an emergency
    • Taking responsibility for providing help
    • Deciding how to help
    • Providing help
  • Arousal/cost-reward model describes a rational approach where people weigh potential rewards against the potential costs to themselves. This also includes factors like unpleasant arousal, fear of punishment, desire for reward. Individuals may engage in prosocial behaviours even if costs exceed benefits.

Strategies for Getting Help

  • Clearly identify the person who can help with simple and direct language.
  • Immediately communicate the emergency.
  • Provide explicit instructions regarding the assistance needed.

Does Pure Altruism Exist?

  • Two hypotheses related to altruism are empathy-altruism and negative-state relief.
  • Empathy-altruism hypothesis states that helpful actions arise, in part, from a genuine desire to help. Empathy involves recognizing and sharing the feelings of another person. Help based on empathy-altruism is more likely to lead to long-term prosocial actions.
  • Negative-state relief hypothesis suggests that people engage in helping others to lessen their own negative feelings.

Benefits to Helping Others

  • A reduction in aversive feelings.
  • Avoidance of potential punishment
  • To receive a reward. Feelings of guilt can increase the likelihood of helping. Help behaviours can provide rewards to the helper (personal satisfaction), as well as help the victim (physical and mental well-being).

Long Term Positive Effects of Helping

  • Empathy-driven helping is related to long-term helping behaviour and prosocial actions.
  • Volunteering has positive benefits for mental and physical health and social well-being.

Person Factors Influencing Helping

  • Some people are more likely to get help due to gender, age, attractiveness, or personality. Men are less likely to ask for help than women. Attractiveness also factors into likelihood of being helped.

Social Norms Influencing Helping

  • The norm of reciprocity suggests that people give back to those who have given to them. This is common in tipping culture.
  • The norm of social responsibility often creates an obligation to help those in need.

Relationship Factors Influencing Helping

  • Relationships with potential receivers (similarity, friendship, and exchange) influence helping.

Other factors

  • Cultural influences affect helping behaviour with collectivistic cultures tending to favour in-group helping.
  • Urban overload hypothesis explains lower helping rates in cities due to higher stimulation levels, making people less likely to notice emergencies.

Additional Note

  • Notes concerning the model steps in helping were provided within the body of the text.
  • A decision-making model for helping is presented. steps include noticing the situation, interpreting it as an emergency, taking responsibility for helping, deciding how to help, and providing help.

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Altruism & Prosocial Behaviour PDF

Description

This quiz explores the concepts of prosocial behaviour, focusing on altruism and the evolutionary factors that drive these actions. It examines kinship selection and reciprocal prosocial behaviour, providing a comprehensive understanding of how and why individuals help others. Test your knowledge on these fascinating psychological theories!

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