Psychology of Prosocial Behaviour
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Questions and Answers

What is the first step in the decision-making process model during an emergency?

  • Provide help
  • Take responsibility for providing help
  • Notice something is happening (correct)
  • Interpret the situation as an emergency

    • What phenomenon describes the belief that other bystanders will take responsibility in an emergency?

  • Bystander effect
  • Cost-benefit analysis
  • Diffusion of responsibility (correct)
  • Arousal effect

    • According to the arousal/cost-reward model, what primarily predicts prosocial behavior?

  • Cost-benefit analysis (correct)
  • Frequency of emergencies
  • Emotional state of the victim
  • Presence of authority figures

    • What impact does being in a good mood have on helping behavior?

    <p>It increases the likelihood of helping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following environmental factors generally promotes friendlier behavior toward others?

    <p>Rural towns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step in the decision-making process model involves deciding how to assist?

    <p>Decide how to help</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can significantly increase altruistic behavior according to the content?

    <p>Modelling by others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential cost considered in the arousal/cost-reward model?

    <p>Risk of physical harm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which behaviour is defined as assisting others without any expectation of personal gain?

    <p>Altruistic behaviour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the kin selection principle suggest about altruistic behaviour?

    <p>People are more likely to assist close relatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In life-or-death situations, whom are people reported to prioritize for help?

    <p>Close relatives, children, and healthy individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality trait is associated with higher rates of altruistic behaviour?

    <p>Empathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do religious teachings generally influence prosocial behaviour?

    <p>They emphasize the importance of helping others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is suggested to affect the likelihood of individuals helping in risky situations?

    <p>Gender roles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is moral reasoning in the context of altruism and prosocial behaviour?

    <p>A consideration of broader moral standards when offering assistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about gender and helping behaviour is accurate?

    <p>Men are more likely to assist in dangerous situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary motivation according to the empathy-altruism hypothesis?

    <p>To share in the feelings of the person in distress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hypothesis asserts that people help others mainly to alleviate their own negative feelings?

    <p>Negative-State Relief Hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to less helpful behavior in urban settings, according to the urban overload hypothesis?

    <p>High population density</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characterized as selfless concern for the well-being of others?

    <p>Altruism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What negative emotion might motivate someone to help, according to the content?

    <p>Fear of punishment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the empathy-altruism hypothesis, which of the following is not a characteristic of empathy?

    <p>Personal gain from helping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered the primary motivation for helping, according to the negative-state relief hypothesis?

    <p>Relief from one's own negative emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is mentioned as contributing to urban individuals being less helpful?

    <p>Perceived anonymity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is most likely to motivate individuals to engage in long-term helping behaviors?

    <p>Empathic factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which demographic factor is stated to influence the likelihood of receiving help?

    <p>Gender</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What social norm encourages individuals to give back to those who have helped them?

    <p>Norm of social reciprocity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of attractive individuals concerning receiving help?

    <p>They are more likely to receive help.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does age affect helping behaviors?

    <p>Age can influence both the desire for and the receipt of help.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality trait is least likely to facilitate receiving help?

    <p>Confidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the self-evaluation maintenance model suggest about helping behavior?

    <p>Our self-esteem can be threatened by others' superior performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What psychological norm implies an obligation to assist those in need?

    <p>Norm of social responsibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily characterizes altruistic behavior?

    <p>Helping without expectation of personal gain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle suggests that people are more likely to help those with whom they share more genes?

    <p>Kin selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor significantly influences moral reasoning in children?

    <p>Direct teaching from parents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In emergency situations, which group of individuals is often prioritized for help due to kin selection?

    <p>Immediate family members</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is likely to improve the chances of people providing help in an emergency situation?

    <p>Observing a clear and vivid emergency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept explains the tendency for individuals to feel less responsible for helping in groups?

    <p>Diffusion of responsibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychological trait is linked to higher chances of engaging in prosocial behavior?

    <p>High in empathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are men more likely to help in heroic situations compared to women, according to the content?

    <p>Men face fewer costs for helping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following moods can potentially increase the likelihood of prosocial behavior?

    <p>Contentment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately reflects the impact of religion on prosocial behavior?

    <p>Religious teachings emphasize the importance of cooperation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the arousal/cost-reward model, what primarily motivates an individual's decision to help?

    <p>Potential costs and rewards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of empathy on altruism?

    <p>It raises understanding and emotional response, fostering help</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can help clarify a situation as an emergency when seeking help from others?

    <p>Labeling the situation as an emergency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one factor that influences people's willingness to help others in a community setting?

    <p>Population density</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common behavior can serve to increase altruism when observed in others?

    <p>Modeling of helping behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do personal rewards potentially influence decisions about providing help?

    <p>They can increase the likelihood of helping others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is predominantly linked to an increased likelihood of receiving help?

    <p>Age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the norm that suggests individuals feel obligated to help those in need?

    <p>Norm of social responsibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about gender differences in seeking help is true?

    <p>Women typically receive help more than men.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is least likely to impact the likelihood of receiving help?

    <p>Intellectual intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept describes a situation where one's self-esteem may be threatened due to another individual's superior performance?

    <p>Self-evaluation maintenance model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does attractiveness play in receiving help?

    <p>Attractive individuals tend to receive more assistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of the norm of reciprocity in social interactions?

    <p>People typically return favors when helped.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality trait is most associated with a higher likelihood of receiving help?

    <p>Extraversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary motivation for helping others according to the empathy-altruism hypothesis?

    <p>A desire to do good for others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hypothesis suggests that helping behaviors are primarily motivated by alleviating one's own negative feelings?

    <p>Negative-state relief hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the negative-state relief hypothesis, what is considered the primary motivation for helping others?

    <p>Relief from one's own negative emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor contributing to less helpful behavior in urban settings?

    <p>Familiarity with other individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the empathy-altruism hypothesis imply about the nature of altruism?

    <p>It involves understanding others' feelings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one consequence of reduction of aversive arousal in helping behavior?

    <p>Increased altruistic behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the urban overload hypothesis?

    <p>People in cities feel overwhelmed and tend to withdraw socially.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is seen as an unintended consequence of helping behavior in the empathy-altruism hypothesis?

    <p>Enhanced emotional well-being</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Prosocial Behaviour

    • Prosocial behaviour is any behaviour intended to help another person. This can include cooperating, sharing, and comforting.
    • Altruistic behaviour is a specific type of prosocial behaviour. It involves helping others without expecting anything in return.

    Evolutionary Factors

    • Altruistic behaviour can involve helping others at a personal cost.
    • An evolutionary perspective suggests that altruistic actions are driven by the desire to ensure the survival of one's genes.
    • Individuals engage in costly behaviours to benefit those who share their genes (kinship selection).

    Evidence for Kinship Selection

    • Evidence suggests people are more altruistic towards close relatives who are more likely to reproduce.
    • Kin selection means people are more likely to help close relatives.
    • In life-or-death situations, people prioritize those who share their genes—young, healthy, and pre-menopausal women.

    Reciprocal Prosocial Behaviour

    • People engage in prosocial behaviours with those who are not related to them.

    Are Men or Women More Helpful?

    • Men tend to be more likely than women to be helpful in heroic situations like rescuing someone from a burning building.
    • This difference may be due to societal expectations and fewer perceived costs for men in such situations
    • This also relates to gender roles. Women are more likely to receive help than men.

    Personality

    • High empathy means people understand and share the feelings of others.
    • Moral reasoning also affects people's willingness to help, based on broader moral standards rather than individual benefit.
    • Parenting plays a significant role in the way a child approaches helping others. Shyness, anxiety, and extraversion can influence willingness to receive help.

    Religion

    • Religious teachings often emphasize the importance of prosocial behaviour.
    • A common religious principle is "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you".

    Situational Factors Influencing Helping

    • Decision-making process models detail the steps for helping:
      • Notice something is happening
      • Interpreting it as an emergency
      • Taking responsibility for providing help
      • Deciding how to help
      • Providing help
    • Arousal/cost-reward model describes a rational approach where people weigh potential rewards against the potential costs to themselves. This also includes factors like unpleasant arousal, fear of punishment, desire for reward. Individuals may engage in prosocial behaviours even if costs exceed benefits.

    Strategies for Getting Help

    • Clearly identify the person who can help with simple and direct language.
    • Immediately communicate the emergency.
    • Provide explicit instructions regarding the assistance needed.

    Does Pure Altruism Exist?

    • Two hypotheses related to altruism are empathy-altruism and negative-state relief.
    • Empathy-altruism hypothesis states that helpful actions arise, in part, from a genuine desire to help. Empathy involves recognizing and sharing the feelings of another person. Help based on empathy-altruism is more likely to lead to long-term prosocial actions.
    • Negative-state relief hypothesis suggests that people engage in helping others to lessen their own negative feelings.

    Benefits to Helping Others

    • A reduction in aversive feelings.
    • Avoidance of potential punishment
    • To receive a reward. Feelings of guilt can increase the likelihood of helping. Help behaviours can provide rewards to the helper (personal satisfaction), as well as help the victim (physical and mental well-being).

    Long Term Positive Effects of Helping

    • Empathy-driven helping is related to long-term helping behaviour and prosocial actions.
    • Volunteering has positive benefits for mental and physical health and social well-being.

    Person Factors Influencing Helping

    • Some people are more likely to get help due to gender, age, attractiveness, or personality. Men are less likely to ask for help than women. Attractiveness also factors into likelihood of being helped.

    Social Norms Influencing Helping

    • The norm of reciprocity suggests that people give back to those who have given to them. This is common in tipping culture.
    • The norm of social responsibility often creates an obligation to help those in need.

    Relationship Factors Influencing Helping

    • Relationships with potential receivers (similarity, friendship, and exchange) influence helping.

    Other factors

    • Cultural influences affect helping behaviour with collectivistic cultures tending to favour in-group helping.
    • Urban overload hypothesis explains lower helping rates in cities due to higher stimulation levels, making people less likely to notice emergencies.

    Additional Note

    • Notes concerning the model steps in helping were provided within the body of the text.
    • A decision-making model for helping is presented. steps include noticing the situation, interpreting it as an emergency, taking responsibility for helping, deciding how to help, and providing help.

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    Altruism & Prosocial Behaviour PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the concepts of prosocial behaviour, focusing on altruism and the evolutionary factors that drive these actions. It examines kinship selection and reciprocal prosocial behaviour, providing a comprehensive understanding of how and why individuals help others. Test your knowledge on these fascinating psychological theories!

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