Podcast
Questions and Answers
What was the main dependent variable (DV) in Experiment 1?
What was the main dependent variable (DV) in Experiment 1?
Experiment 2 included a third independent variable (IV) related to conditions.
Experiment 2 included a third independent variable (IV) related to conditions.
False
What was the purpose of using a double-blind technique in the study?
What was the purpose of using a double-blind technique in the study?
To ensure that neither the participant nor the experimenter knew which substance was administered.
Participants categorized as high empathizers had IRI scores of _____ or higher.
Participants categorized as high empathizers had IRI scores of _____ or higher.
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Match the following independent variables (IV) with their characteristics:
Match the following independent variables (IV) with their characteristics:
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What was a major strength of the study's design?
What was a major strength of the study's design?
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The sample size of the study was small, comprising only 54 participants.
The sample size of the study was small, comprising only 54 participants.
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What was the mean age of participants in the low empathy group?
What was the mean age of participants in the low empathy group?
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What conclusion can be drawn from the administration of OT in the study?
What conclusion can be drawn from the administration of OT in the study?
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The study found that OT did not affect the social cues for individuals with high empathy.
The study found that OT did not affect the social cues for individuals with high empathy.
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What was one strength of the study mentioned?
What was one strength of the study mentioned?
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The study lacked ___________ validity due to the artificial setting.
The study lacked ___________ validity due to the artificial setting.
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What was a notable weakness of the study?
What was a notable weakness of the study?
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Participants were protected from physical harm during OT or placebo administration.
Participants were protected from physical harm during OT or placebo administration.
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What did the findings on personal space preferences support?
What did the findings on personal space preferences support?
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Match the following aspects of the study with their respective descriptions:
Match the following aspects of the study with their respective descriptions:
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What was the main independent variable manipulated in Experiment 1?
What was the main independent variable manipulated in Experiment 1?
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Participants in Experiment 2 discussed personal topics immediately after completing the experiments.
Participants in Experiment 2 discussed personal topics immediately after completing the experiments.
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What does a higher percentage in the dependent variable indicate in Experiment 1?
What does a higher percentage in the dependent variable indicate in Experiment 1?
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The experiment included 96 trials in total, with each condition having _____ trials.
The experiment included 96 trials in total, with each condition having _____ trials.
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Match the following components of Experiment 2 with their descriptions:
Match the following components of Experiment 2 with their descriptions:
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Which of the following was a potential weakness of the study?
Which of the following was a potential weakness of the study?
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The results of Experiment 1 showed that participants' preferred distance was consistent across all conditions.
The results of Experiment 1 showed that participants' preferred distance was consistent across all conditions.
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What were the participants instructed to do in Experiment 2?
What were the participants instructed to do in Experiment 2?
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Study Notes
Psychology of Personal Space
- Interpersonal distance is a key aspect of social interactions, reflecting the preferred space around a person.
- Human preferences for personal space are influenced by relationships (e.g., friends vs. strangers).
- Cultural norms also influence personal space requirements.
- Hall's zones (intimate, personal, social, public) categorize interpersonal distances.
Oxytocin's Role
- Oxytocin (OT) is a social hormone that impacts social thinking and behavior.
- OT's effects vary based on the situation, the individual's traits, and cultural background.
- OT is associated with helpful behavior, empathy, lack of cooperation with out-groups, and jealousy.
Empathy's Role
- Empathy is the ability to understand and share the feelings of another.
- Empathy development begins in childhood and contributes to social skills.
- Individual empathy levels impact how people process social cues.
- The study investigated the relationship between empathy and personal space.
Placebo Use
- Placebos provide a control condition in experiments.
- Placebos allow for a direct comparison of the treatment's (e.g., OT) effect versus a control condition.
Study Aims
- Investigate the differing effect of oxytocin (OT) on personal space preference, dependent on empathy levels.
Research Method
- A laboratory experiment was used with mixed and independent groups.
- Interpersonal space was measured using a CID paradigm and questionnaires (IRI).
- A double-blind procedure was used to ensure experimenters and participants were unaware of the treatment condition (placebo or OT).
Study Sample
- The sample consisted of 54 male undergraduates (19-32 years old).
- Participants were grouped based on interpersonal reactivity index scores (high or low).
- Participants were screened for any pre-existing conditions.
Variables
- The study manipulated three primary variables: condition (stranger, friend, authority), treatment (OT or Placebo), and empathy (high/low).
- The main dependent variable was the personal space requirement of each participant, measured through various tasks in the lab.
Results
- Results demonstrated a significant interaction between treatment, condition, and empathy.
- OT had diverse effects in high vs. low empathy groups, affecting personal distance preferences differently.
Strengths and Weaknesses
- Strengths include internal validity, controlled conditions (counterbalance and controls).
- Weaknesses include limited ecological validity.
Ethical Considerations
- The study ensured participants' well-being and followed ethical procedures (e.g., consent, debriefing).
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Description
This quiz explores the concepts of personal space, the influence of cultural norms, and the role of oxytocin in social interactions. It focuses on empathy and its developmental importance in understanding social cues and behaviors. Test your knowledge on these psychological aspects that shape our relationships.
