10 Questions
What are secondary reinforcers associated with?
Punishment
Which schedule of reinforcement delivers a reward after a set number of responses?
Fixed ratio
Which reinforcement schedule provides rewards after an unpredictable number of responses?
Variable ratio
What is the main characteristic of a fixed interval schedule?
Reward for the first correct response after a fixed time interval
Which reinforcement schedule provides a reinforcement after a random time interval?
Variable interval
What is a key use of schedules of reinforcement?
Behavior modification and maintenance
What type of reinforcement schedule is used when reinforcement is given after a fixed number of responses?
Fixed ratio
Which reinforcement schedule is most effective for maintaining predictable patterns of behavior?
Fixed ratio
In a fixed interval schedule, when is a reward given?
For the first correct response after a fixed time interval
Which schedule of reinforcement includes a random element in its delivery of rewards?
Variable ratio and Variable interval
Study Notes
Learning and Conditioning
- Relatively permanent changes in behavior are a result of learning, which can alter behavior through acquired skills.
Types of Associative Learning
- Sensitization: behavior response increases
- Habituation: behavior response decreases
- Classical Conditioning: associating two events to elicit a response
- Operant Conditioning (Instrumental): learning through consequences, where behavior → outcome
Classical Conditioning
- Pavlov's dog experiment: associating neutral stimulus with an unconditional stimulus to elicit a response
- Key components: neutral stimulus, unconditional stimulus, unconditional response, conditional stimulus, and conditional response
Perspectives on Learning
- T.B. Watson: focuses on behavioral responses, ignoring human feelings
- Pavlov: classical conditioning, associating stimuli to elicit responses
Stimulus Discrimination
- Learning to differentiate between similar stimuli, reacting differently to each
- Example: high-pitched tone vs. low-pitched tone, with different reactions
Differential Reinforcement
- Excitatory conditioning: response rate increases
- Inhibitory conditioning: response rate decreases
- Example: pet dog associating with playfulness, distinguishing between own pet and others
Second-Order Conditioning
- Associating a neutral stimulus with a conditional stimulus to elicit a response
- Example: toy + joy, then toy → joy
Disorders
- Anxiety related to CS: post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
- Panic disorders: fear of presentation
Different Methodologies
- Conditioning: trial and error, signal for danger, perception/anticipation
- Instrumental/Operant Conditioning: response → outcome, reinforcement or punishment
- Skinner's approach: trial and error, learning through consequences
- Insight theory: learning through wisdom
Skinner's Box
- Acquisition: learning process
- Extinction: unlearning process
- Duration: time taken to learn
- Reinforcement: strengthening learning through desirable outcomes
- Example: child crying for a mobile, with reinforcement (candy)
Punishment
- Giving an unpleasant or aversive stimulus to decrease behavior
- Removal of pleasant stimulus to decrease behavior
Shaping
- Gradually shaping behavior to achieve a specific outcome
- Example: training an animal or person to behave in a particular way
Conditioned Reinforcers
- Basic life needs (food, water, shelter, sleep): no learning required
- Example: child doesn't need to learn how to eat
Schedules
- Ratio schedules: reinforcement based on number of responses
- Fixed ratio: reinforcement after a set number of responses
- Variable ratio: reinforcement after a random number of responses
- Fixed interval schedules: reinforcement after a fixed time interval
- Variable interval schedules: reinforcement after a random time interval
This quiz covers the fundamentals of learning and conditioning, including long-term behavior changes, associative learning, and classical vs operant conditioning. Test your knowledge of psychology principles!
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