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Questions and Answers
What are secondary reinforcers associated with?
What are secondary reinforcers associated with?
Which schedule of reinforcement delivers a reward after a set number of responses?
Which schedule of reinforcement delivers a reward after a set number of responses?
Which reinforcement schedule provides rewards after an unpredictable number of responses?
Which reinforcement schedule provides rewards after an unpredictable number of responses?
What is the main characteristic of a fixed interval schedule?
What is the main characteristic of a fixed interval schedule?
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Which reinforcement schedule provides a reinforcement after a random time interval?
Which reinforcement schedule provides a reinforcement after a random time interval?
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What is a key use of schedules of reinforcement?
What is a key use of schedules of reinforcement?
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What type of reinforcement schedule is used when reinforcement is given after a fixed number of responses?
What type of reinforcement schedule is used when reinforcement is given after a fixed number of responses?
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Which reinforcement schedule is most effective for maintaining predictable patterns of behavior?
Which reinforcement schedule is most effective for maintaining predictable patterns of behavior?
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In a fixed interval schedule, when is a reward given?
In a fixed interval schedule, when is a reward given?
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Which schedule of reinforcement includes a random element in its delivery of rewards?
Which schedule of reinforcement includes a random element in its delivery of rewards?
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Study Notes
Learning and Conditioning
- Relatively permanent changes in behavior are a result of learning, which can alter behavior through acquired skills.
Types of Associative Learning
- Sensitization: behavior response increases
- Habituation: behavior response decreases
- Classical Conditioning: associating two events to elicit a response
- Operant Conditioning (Instrumental): learning through consequences, where behavior → outcome
Classical Conditioning
- Pavlov's dog experiment: associating neutral stimulus with an unconditional stimulus to elicit a response
- Key components: neutral stimulus, unconditional stimulus, unconditional response, conditional stimulus, and conditional response
Perspectives on Learning
- T.B. Watson: focuses on behavioral responses, ignoring human feelings
- Pavlov: classical conditioning, associating stimuli to elicit responses
Stimulus Discrimination
- Learning to differentiate between similar stimuli, reacting differently to each
- Example: high-pitched tone vs. low-pitched tone, with different reactions
Differential Reinforcement
- Excitatory conditioning: response rate increases
- Inhibitory conditioning: response rate decreases
- Example: pet dog associating with playfulness, distinguishing between own pet and others
Second-Order Conditioning
- Associating a neutral stimulus with a conditional stimulus to elicit a response
- Example: toy + joy, then toy → joy
Disorders
- Anxiety related to CS: post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
- Panic disorders: fear of presentation
Different Methodologies
- Conditioning: trial and error, signal for danger, perception/anticipation
- Instrumental/Operant Conditioning: response → outcome, reinforcement or punishment
- Skinner's approach: trial and error, learning through consequences
- Insight theory: learning through wisdom
Skinner's Box
- Acquisition: learning process
- Extinction: unlearning process
- Duration: time taken to learn
- Reinforcement: strengthening learning through desirable outcomes
- Example: child crying for a mobile, with reinforcement (candy)
Punishment
- Giving an unpleasant or aversive stimulus to decrease behavior
- Removal of pleasant stimulus to decrease behavior
Shaping
- Gradually shaping behavior to achieve a specific outcome
- Example: training an animal or person to behave in a particular way
Conditioned Reinforcers
- Basic life needs (food, water, shelter, sleep): no learning required
- Example: child doesn't need to learn how to eat
Schedules
- Ratio schedules: reinforcement based on number of responses
- Fixed ratio: reinforcement after a set number of responses
- Variable ratio: reinforcement after a random number of responses
- Fixed interval schedules: reinforcement after a fixed time interval
- Variable interval schedules: reinforcement after a random time interval
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamentals of learning and conditioning, including long-term behavior changes, associative learning, and classical vs operant conditioning. Test your knowledge of psychology principles!
