Psychology of Hallucinogens and Ketamine
47 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the psychic phase of drug effects?

  • Increased physical coordination and balance
  • Changes in mood and altered perception of time (correct)
  • Euphoria with no accompanying distressing thoughts
  • Enhanced logical thought and increased vigilance

What phenomenon is associated with hallucinogens that involves distressing, spontaneous, recurrent experiences?

  • Tolerance
  • Flashback (correct)
  • Dissociation
  • Psychotic episode

What effect occurs as a result of rapid psychological tolerance to hallucinogens?

  • Increased drug effectiveness over time
  • Complete physical dependence develops
  • Cross-tolerance with psychedelics like LSD (correct)
  • Permanent structural changes in the brain

HPPD is characterized by which of the following?

<p>Recurrent, distressing symptoms with a dysphoric affect (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is intensified by hallucinogen use?

<p>Depersonalization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism through which ketamine exerts its effects?

<p>Non-competitive antagonism of NMDA/glutamate receptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a psychological effect experienced at low doses of ketamine?

<p>Euphoria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long does ketamine generally remain in the system, based on its elimination half-life?

<p>12-24 hours (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the highest risk associated with ketamine use?

<p>Accidental death (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of ketamine's impact on physical responses during high doses?

<p>Blood pressure may rise while respiration remains unaffected (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic effect of small doses of LSD?

<p>Enhances self-awareness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At which serotonin receptors does LSD primarily exert its effects?

<p>5-HT2 and 5-HT2A receptors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are common physiological effects of LSD use?

<p>Increased levels of glucose in the blood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical duration of action for LSD?

<p>6-8 hours (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal when treating intoxication?

<p>Keeping the patient calm and preventing severe adverse medical effects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is structurally similar to LSD?

<p>Mescaline (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is mentioned as useful for reducing agitation in intoxicated individuals?

<p>Benzodiazepines (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What psychological benefit can LSD provide in psychotherapy?

<p>Helps patients find underlying causes to problems (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What long-lasting severe effects may occur due to intoxication?

<p>Hyperthermia, hypertension, convulsions, renal failure, and psychotic states (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is LSD primarily excreted from the body?

<p>Metabolized in the liver before excretion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about the toxicity of LSD?

<p>It has a low level of toxicity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended strategy for managing a severely agitated intoxicated patient?

<p>Minimizing sensory inputs by placing them in a quiet environment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a recommended treatment approach for intoxication?

<p>Administering fluids aggressively to promote diuresis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of mescaline?

<p>Peyote cactus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the notable effects of MDMA?

<p>Enhanced communication (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism does MDMA primarily use to exert its effects?

<p>Reuptake inhibition of monoamines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long do the visual effects of mescaline typically last?

<p>Up to 10 hours (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential psychological effect of MDMA?

<p>Euphoria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What serious physiological condition can result from high doses of MDMA?

<p>Hyperthermia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a risk associated with long-term use of MDMA?

<p>Hippocampal damage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is associated with both mescaline and MDMA use?

<p>Visual hallucinations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of hallucinogens at high doses?

<p>Cause perceptions in the absence of appropriate sensations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pharmacological effect is NOT associated with low doses of anticholinergic scopolamine?

<p>Excitement and hallucinations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition might develop due to the use of anticholinergics?

<p>Tolerance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is characteristic of the anticholinergic syndrome caused by scopolamine?

<p>Dry mouth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the antidote physostigmine in relation to scopolamine?

<p>Inhibits the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what duration do the psychotic effects of scopolamine typically clear after use?

<p>36 to 48 hours (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect might result from the use of higher doses of scopolamine?

<p>Severe respiratory depression (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary active molecule in Psilocybin after metabolism?

<p>Phosphoric acid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding the withdrawal symptoms from scopolamine use?

<p>They can involve vomiting and excessive sweating (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long do the effects of Ayahuasca typically last?

<p>3-4 hours (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common route of administration for Ketamine?

<p>Intravenous (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What receptors do Psilocin predominantly act as an agonist for?

<p>5-HT2A and 5-HT1A receptors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the peak onset time for the effects of PCP?

<p>15 minutes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential benefit does Ketamine offer as an antidepressant?

<p>Effectiveness for treatment-resistant patients (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical duration of effects for Psilocybin and Psilocin?

<p>6-10 hours (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is known for producing dissociative states?

<p>Phencyclidine (PCP) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Psychedelics

Drugs that alter perception, cognition, and mood, leading to changes in consciousness and potentially hallucinations.

Hallucinogen

A substance that induces hallucinations, or perceptions without corresponding sensory input. Hallucinations are rare; illusions and distorted perceptions are more common.

Psychotomimetic

A drug that mimics or induces psychotic states, but does not produce the same behavioral patterns as true psychosis.

Anticholinergic Scopolamine

A drug that blocks the acetylcholine receptors in the nervous system, leading to various side effects.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Antimuscarinic

A type of anticholinergic drug that specifically blocks the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Scopolamine's PNS effects

These effects involve the peripheral nervous system and include dry mouth, reduced sweating, dilated pupils, blurred vision, and faster heart rate.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Scopolamine's CNS effects (Low Doses)

These effects involve the central nervous system and include drowsiness, euphoria, amnesia, fatigue, and mental confusion.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Scopolamine's CNS effects (High Doses)

These effects include more severe psychiatric symptoms such as restlessness, hallucinations, and disorientation, leading to possible delirium, coma, and respiratory depression.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mescaline Structure

Mescaline's structure is similar to catecholamine neurotransmitters like dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine, as well as amphetamines

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mescaline Source

Mescaline is derived from the Peyote cactus, a small, spineless cactus found in the American Southwest

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mescaline Effects

Mescaline creates a psychotomimetic state, characterized by visual hallucinations, distorted perception of colors and space, and potential anxiety and tremors

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sensory Distortions

Altered perception of sensory input, including time distortion. Can involve intensified visualization, decreased vigilance, and unusual sensory experiences like seeing sounds or hearing colors.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mescaline Administration

Mescaline is typically ingested orally and takes effect within 1-2 hours, becoming active in the brain rapidly

Signup and view all the flashcards

MDMA Mechanism

MDMA acts as a reuptake inhibitor for monoamines, specifically serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine, and also affects acetylcholine

Signup and view all the flashcards

Psychic Phase

The peak of drug effects characterized by intense emotional shifts, disjointed thinking, altered time perception, depersonalization, hallucinations, and a feeling of losing personal boundaries.

Signup and view all the flashcards

MDMA Psychological Effects

MDMA can induce feelings of empathy, enhanced communication, and spiritual experiences, but the effects are not always predictable

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tolerance and Dependence

Rapidly develops after repeated use but disappears within days after stopping. While psychological tolerance exists, physical dependence does not develop.

Signup and view all the flashcards

MDMA Physiological Effects

MDMA can increase heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tension, induce jaw clenching, fatigue, insomnia, sweating, blurred vision, and coordination issues

Signup and view all the flashcards

Flashbacks

Short-term, spontaneous, and usually pleasant re-experiences of hallucinogenic effects. Reoccurrences are benign, reversible, and often brief.

Signup and view all the flashcards

MDMA Potential Dangers

MDMA presents risks, including psychological effects that are not always predictable, and physiological dangers like malignant hyperthermia, tachycardia, convulsions, and potential long-term brain damage

Signup and view all the flashcards

HPPD (Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder)

Long-term, distressing, and spontaneous re-experiences of altered perception. These symptoms are persistent, can be reversible or permanent, and have a negative impact on daily life.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ketamine

A dissociative anesthetic drug with a long half-life (18 hours) primarily used as an anesthetic. It is less psychedelic and more sedative compared to other dissociative drugs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mechanism of Action: NMDA receptor antagonist

Ketamine acts as a blocker of NMDA receptors, which helps regulate brain activity and pain perception. It prevents NMDA receptors from being activated by glutamate, a neurotransmitter involved in learning and memory.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Psychological Effects: Low Doses

Mild signs of agitation, euphoria, and feeling uninhibited. People may appear drunk, have a blank stare, and be unable to speak clearly.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Psychological Effects: High Doses

Severe dissociation, where perceptions are completely detached from reality. People may feel withdrawn, confused, and unable to think clearly.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Safety of Ketamine

Ketamine has a wide margin of safety, meaning significant overdoses are unlikely to be fatal. However, accidental deaths are the main risk.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Serotoninergic Psychedelics

These psychoactive drugs, including LSD, DMT, and psilocybin, produce hallucinations primarily by acting on serotonin receptors in the brain.

Signup and view all the flashcards

LSD Mechanism

LSD exerts its effects by interacting with serotonin receptors, particularly the 5-HT2 receptor subtype. It can act as an agonist, partial agonist, or antagonist depending on the receptor.

Signup and view all the flashcards

LSD Effects

LSD causes psychological changes, such as heightened self-awareness and altered perception of reality, with minimal physiological changes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

LSD Hallucinations

LSD can produce visual hallucinations, distortions of the environment, and feelings of pleasantness or neutrality. It can also influence social interactions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

LSD in Psychotherapy

LSD has been used experimentally to help patients access suppressed emotions and gain insight into their problems. This can be beneficial for addictions and terminal illnesses.

Signup and view all the flashcards

LSD Pharmacokinetics

LSD is absorbed quickly and reaches peak blood levels within 3 hours. It stays active for 6-8 hours and is metabolized by the liver.

Signup and view all the flashcards

LSD Physiological Effects

LSD can lead to increased body temperature, dilated pupils, and slightly elevated heart rate and blood pressure. It also affects glucose levels and can cause dizziness, drowsiness, and nausea.

Signup and view all the flashcards

LSD Toxicity Level

LSD is considered relatively low in toxicity, although large doses can lead to unpleasant side effects.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Scopolamine Toxicity

A condition caused by an overdose of scopolamine, leading to various severe side effects including cystitis (bladder inflammation), hydronephrosis (swelling of the kidneys), and cognitive impairment, even with a single dose.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Scopolamine Intoxication Treatment

Managing scopolamine intoxication involves keeping the patient calm and sedated, minimizing sensory input, and reducing agitation with benzodiazepines or atypical antipsychotics.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Scopolamine Overdose Complications

Complications of scopolamine overdose can include hyperthermia (high body temperature), hypertension (high blood pressure), convulsions (seizures), renal failure (kidney failure), and prolonged psychotic states.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Scopolamine Effects

Scopolamine can cause both peripheral nervous system (PNS) effects like dry mouth, dilated pupils, and faster heart rate, and central nervous system (CNS) effects like drowsiness, euphoria, and amnesia, depending on the dose.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Scopolamine Overdose: Long-Term Impact

The effects of scopolamine overdose, including hyperthermia, hypertension, convulsions, renal failure, and psychotic states, can persist for an extended period.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ayahuasca

A psychoactive brew containing DMT, often used in spiritual ceremonies. It produces altered states of consciousness.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Psilocybin

A naturally occurring psychedelic compound found in magic mushrooms, often used for spiritual or therapeutic purposes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Psilocin

The active compound in magic mushrooms, responsible for the psychedelic effects.

Signup and view all the flashcards

NMDA Receptor Antagonist

A substance that blocks the activity of NMDA receptors, often causing psychedelic or dissociative effects.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Phencyclidine (PCP)

A dissociative drug known for its psychedelic effects, often used recreationally.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Psilocybin's Peak Effect?

The peak effects of psilocybin occur after about 2 hours of oral absorption.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ketamine's Peak Effect?

Ketamine's peak effect occurs after ~2 hours with oral ingestion because of a slower absorption rate.

Signup and view all the flashcards

More Like This

Hallucinogens and Psychoactive Drugs
18 questions

Hallucinogens and Psychoactive Drugs

PunctualUniverse avatar
PunctualUniverse
Hallucinogens and Their Effects
39 questions

Hallucinogens and Their Effects

AstoundingChimera avatar
AstoundingChimera
Hallucinogens Overview
8 questions

Hallucinogens Overview

SleekVictory7880 avatar
SleekVictory7880
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser