Questions and Answers
What happens to mental health under conditions of low self-efficacy, even when environmental conditions are favorable?
It suffers
What is the outcome for individuals with high self-efficacy beliefs following a stroke?
They work harder at tasks and feel more confident about recovery
What affects the development of self-efficacy in an individual?
Environmental factors
What is psychological control similar to?
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What improves outcomes for individuals with physical disabilities and chronic illnesses?
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What happens to a person's sense of control when they experience a disabling condition?
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What is critical for adaptive functioning in response to a disabling condition?
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How do perceptions of control influence the experience of disabling environmental conditions?
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What is the primary focus of the section on psychological factors of disability?
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What is the key assumption in this chapter regarding the environments and disability?
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What are some examples of constructs used to describe one's psychological environment?
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What is the primary focus of self-efficacy beliefs?
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What is a consequence of low self-efficacy beliefs?
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What is the relationship between cognition and disability according to the chapter?
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What are the three cognitive processes discussed in the chapter as interrelated and affecting disability?
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What is the influence of self-efficacy beliefs on a person's affective and emotional responses?
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Study Notes
Psychological Factors of Disability
- The psychological environment plays a crucial role in how disability and disabling conditions are perceived and experienced.
- Personal resources, personality traits, and cognition are constructs that affect the expression of disability and an individual's ability to adapt to it.
Cognitive Processes
- Cognition consists of thoughts, feelings, beliefs, and ways of viewing the world, others, and ourselves.
- Three interrelated cognitive processes that influence disability are self-efficacy beliefs, psychological control, and coping patterns.
Self-Efficacy Beliefs
- Self-efficacy beliefs concern whether a person believes they can accomplish a desired outcome.
- Beliefs about one's abilities affect what a person chooses to do, how much effort is put into a task, and how long an individual will endure when there are difficulties.
- Self-efficacy beliefs also affect a person's affective and emotional responses.
- Under conditions of high self-efficacy, a person's outlook and mental health status will remain positive even under stressful and aversive situations.
- Improved behavioral and functional outcomes are associated with efficacious conditions for individuals with and without disabling conditions.
Impact of Self-Efficacy Beliefs on Disability
- Following a stroke, an individual with high self-efficacy beliefs will be more likely to feel and subsequently exert effort toward reducing the disability that could accompany any stroke-related impairment or functional limitation.
- High self-efficacy beliefs lead to better functional outcomes and less disability due to increased effort and confidence in recovery and rehabilitation.
Psychological Control
- Psychological control, or control beliefs, refers to thoughts, feelings, and beliefs regarding one's ability to exert control or change a situation.
- Self-generated feelings of control improve outcomes for diverse groups of individuals with physical disabilities and chronic illnesses.
- Perceptions of control influence whether disabling environmental conditions are seen as stressful and constraining.
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