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What must be provided to participants after research participation has ended?

  • Information about the aims of the research (correct)
  • Feedback on the research methodology used
  • A summary of the participants' individual performance
  • Details on the financial compensation for participation
  • Under what condition is active concealment or planned deception in research approved?

  • Participants are unaware of any risks involved
  • No data collection occurs without participant knowledge
  • A fully detailed explanation of the research must be given later (correct)
  • There are reasonable doubts regarding participant consent
  • Which research strategy examines cause-effect relationships?

  • Correlational strategy
  • Qualitative strategy
  • Experimental strategy (correct)
  • Descriptive strategy
  • The quasi-experimental research strategy typically compares conditions based on which type of variable?

    <p>Non-manipulated variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of correlational research strategy?

    <p>Examining the strength of relationships between variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of observation involves a psychologist becoming an employee to gather data?

    <p>Participant observation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sampling method records all behavior without restrictions?

    <p>Continuous sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method involves manipulating an independent variable to observe effects on a dependent variable?

    <p>Field experiments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sampling method involves observing at specific time periods?

    <p>Time sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of observation involves studying children’s behavior during unstructured playtime from a distance?

    <p>Naturalistic observation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which quantification method focuses on how long a behavior lasts?

    <p>The Duration Method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sampling selectively observes a particular event or behavior?

    <p>Event sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method could be used to measure changes in heart rate for a study on mindfulness therapy's effect on sleep?

    <p>The Frequency Method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of reputation concern in relation to generosity?

    <p>It leads to more revealed results than concealed results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following should be considered when developing self-report instruments?

    <p>They should respect participants' values and be culturally appropriate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of correlation did past research find between knowledge and organ donation attitudes?

    <p>Positive and significant correlation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a study categorized as low risk?

    <p>Study investigating eye movements related to reading comprehension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is ethics approval essential before conducting research?

    <p>It helps in addressing issues related to participant rights and safety.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is NOT true about the Human Research Ethics Committees?

    <p>HREC for Medical Sciences reviews both greater and low-risk applications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT included in the composition of an HREC according to the National Statement?

    <p>Two lawyers who advise the institution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors does NOT justify limited disclosure in research?

    <p>Research involving more than low risk to participants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'liberal' denote in the context of political candidates?

    <p>Different interpretations across cultures necessitating clear wording.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following studies would be considered as presenting more than low risk?

    <p>Focus groups discussing traumatic experiences from past events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the correlation between religiosity and organ donation attitudes?

    <p>Negative but significant correlation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect is NOT important when considering ethical issues in research?

    <p>Focusing solely on data accuracy with minimal regard for participant feelings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a prerequisite for the approval of limited disclosure?

    <p>Research benefits outweigh risks to trust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who in the HREC is responsible for representing the experiences of lay people?

    <p>The two lay people with no affiliations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding studies using deception?

    <p>Active deception must be justified and planned</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these statements is true about the role of a lawyer in an HREC?

    <p>The lawyer is not engaged to advise the institution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the independent variable in the hypothesis about studying and test anxiety?

    <p>Time spent studying</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method of analysis will be used to test the hypothesis in the correlational study?

    <p>Correlation analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a limitation of correlational research mentioned?

    <p>Cannot establish causation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a strength of correlational research?

    <p>Lower cost and quicker to complete</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dependent variable in the experimental research hypothesis?

    <p>Test anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the experimental study design, what type of design is used?

    <p>Between-subjects design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which extraneous variable is suggested to be held constant in the experimental design?

    <p>Participants’ sleep patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible issue associated with the directionality problem in correlational research?

    <p>It suggests that both variables can influence each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a manipulation check in an experimental study?

    <p>To confirm that the manipulation in the study is effective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many high school students are recruited for the research study?

    <p>100</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Ways to Observe Behaviour

    • Naturalistic observation: Observing behaviour in a natural setting, such as a playground. Example: recording aggressive behaviour in children during unstructured playtime.
    • Participant observation: The researcher becomes part of the group they are observing. Example: A psychologist becoming an employee to understand workplace dynamics.
    • Field experiments: Manipulating an independent variable (IV) in a natural setting to determine cause and effect. Example: Studying the impact of seating configurations on student engagement.
    • Contrived observation: Observing behaviour in a controlled environment. Example: Observing how people react to a specific stimulus in a laboratory setting.
    • Observation of physical traces: Examining physical evidence of past behavior. Example: Counting cigarette butts in a public space to estimate the amount of smoking in the area.
    • Archival research: Analysing existing data, such as documents or records. Example: Examining historical records to understand trends in crime rates.
    • Content analysis: Analysing the content of communication. Example: Analysing newspaper articles to study the portrayal of women in the media.
    • Digital traces: Observing online behaviour. Example: Analysing social media posts to understand public opinion on a particular issue.

    Sampling Behaviour

    • Continuous sampling: Recording all behaviour of interest. Example: Recording every instance of a child's aggressive behaviour on a playground.
    • Situation sampling: Observing behaviour in different locations and circumstances. Example: Recording how a child responds to a request in different settings, such as the classroom and the playground.
    • Time sampling: Recording behaviour at specific intervals. Example: Observing a child's behaviour every 5 minutes during a play session.
    • Instantaneous sampling: Recording behaviour at a specific moment in time. Example: Observing a student's behaviour at the exact moment a bell rings to end class.
    • Event sampling: Observing a specific event or behaviour each time it occurs. Example: Observing how a child reacts to each time they are praised by a teacher.
    • Individual sampling: Observing only one participant at a time. Example: Observing the behaviour of a dementia patient before, during, and after mealtime.

    Quantifying Behaviours

    • Frequency method: Counting the number of times a specific behaviour occurs. Example: Counting the number of times a child uses aggressive language on the playground.
    • Duration method: Measuring the length of time a specific behaviour occurs. Example: Measuring the length of time a child displays aggressive behaviour on the playground.
    • Interval method: Dividing the observation period into intervals and recording whether or not the behaviour occurs in each interval. Example: Observing the playground for five-minute intervals and recording whether aggressive behaviour occurs in each interval.

    Developing Self-Report Instruments

    • Clear and concise language: Items should be easy to understand and avoid using jargon or complex phrasing.
    • Culturally appropriate: Items should be relevant and meaningful to the target culture.
    • Ethical considerations: Items should respect participant values and privacy.
    • Informed consent: Participants should be fully informed about the study and have the right to withdraw at any time.

    Research Ethics

    • Why ethics approval is important: To protect the welfare, rights, safety of participants and ensure research is conducted ethically.
    • MQ Ethics Committees: MQ has two Human Research Ethics Committees (HRECs) that review research applications, one for Human Sciences and Humanities and one for Medical Sciences.
    • HREC vs. Faculty Ethics Subcommittees: HRECs review research applications considered "more than low risk," while Faculty Ethics Subcommittees review applications deemed "no more than low risk."
    • Composition of HRECs: HRECs include individuals with relevant experience, expertise, and diverse perspectives.
    • Limited disclosure: May be approved under specific circumstances, such as when full disclosure could hinder the research objectives.
    • Active concealment/planned deception: May be permitted in certain cases, but only if it minimizes risk to participants and is justified by the research objectives.

    Research process

    • Finding a research idea: Identifying a topic or phenomenon that is interesting and relevant to the field of study.
    • From theory to hypotheses: Translating theoretical ideas into testable predictions.
    • Defining & operationalizing variables: Clearly specifying the variables of interest and how they will be measured.
    • Identifying participants: Determining the target population and the sampling method to be used.
    • Research strategies: Choosing the appropriate approach for the study, such as correlational, experimental, or quasi-experimental.
      • Correlational research strategy: Examining the relationships between two or more variables.
      • Experimental research strategy: Manipulating an independent variable (IV) to determine its effect on a dependent variable (DV).
      • Quasi-experimental research strategy: Comparing conditions defined by a non-manipulated variable.
    • Research designs: Choosing the appropriate structure for the study, such as between-subjects, within-subjects, or mixed designs.

    Correlational Research Strategy

    • Objectives: To examine relationships between variables and to predict one variable from another.
    • Strengths: Quicker and more cost-effective than experimental research.
    • Limitations: Does not establish cause-and-effect relationships.
    • Directionality problem: Difficulty in determining which variable causes the other.
    • Third-variable problem: The possibility of an unobserved variable influencing both variables being studied.

    Experimental Research Strategy

    • Objectives: To establish cause-and-effect relationships between variables.
    • Key elements: Manipulation of an IV, measurement of a DV.
    • Controls: Random assignment, manipulation check, holding constant, matching.

    Quasi-experimental Research Strategy

    • Objectives: To compare conditions defined by a non-manipulated variable.
    • Limitations: Cannot establish direct cause-and-effect relationships.

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