tutorial notes 6

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Questions and Answers

What must be provided to participants after research participation has ended?

Information about the aims of the research (correct)

Feedback on the research methodology used

A summary of the participants' individual performance

Details on the financial compensation for participation

Under what condition is active concealment or planned deception in research approved?

Participants are unaware of any risks involved

No data collection occurs without participant knowledge

A fully detailed explanation of the research must be given later (correct)

There are reasonable doubts regarding participant consent

Which research strategy examines cause-effect relationships?

Correlational strategy

Qualitative strategy

Experimental strategy (correct)

Descriptive strategy

The quasi-experimental research strategy typically compares conditions based on which type of variable?

Non-manipulated variables Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of correlational research strategy?

Examining the strength of relationships between variables Signup and view all the answers

What type of observation involves a psychologist becoming an employee to gather data?

Participant observation Signup and view all the answers

Which sampling method records all behavior without restrictions?

Continuous sampling Signup and view all the answers

What method involves manipulating an independent variable to observe effects on a dependent variable?

Field experiments Signup and view all the answers

Which sampling method involves observing at specific time periods?

Time sampling Signup and view all the answers

What type of observation involves studying children’s behavior during unstructured playtime from a distance?

Naturalistic observation Signup and view all the answers

Which quantification method focuses on how long a behavior lasts?

The Duration Method Signup and view all the answers

What type of sampling selectively observes a particular event or behavior?

Event sampling Signup and view all the answers

What method could be used to measure changes in heart rate for a study on mindfulness therapy's effect on sleep?

The Frequency Method Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of reputation concern in relation to generosity?

It leads to more revealed results than concealed results. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following should be considered when developing self-report instruments?

They should respect participants' values and be culturally appropriate. Signup and view all the answers

What type of correlation did past research find between knowledge and organ donation attitudes?

Positive and significant correlation. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a study categorized as low risk?

Study investigating eye movements related to reading comprehension Signup and view all the answers

Why is ethics approval essential before conducting research?

It helps in addressing issues related to participant rights and safety. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is NOT true about the Human Research Ethics Committees?

HREC for Medical Sciences reviews both greater and low-risk applications. Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT included in the composition of an HREC according to the National Statement?

Two lawyers who advise the institution Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT justify limited disclosure in research?

Research involving more than low risk to participants Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'liberal' denote in the context of political candidates?

Different interpretations across cultures necessitating clear wording. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following studies would be considered as presenting more than low risk?

Focus groups discussing traumatic experiences from past events Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the correlation between religiosity and organ donation attitudes?

Negative but significant correlation. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect is NOT important when considering ethical issues in research?

Focusing solely on data accuracy with minimal regard for participant feelings. Signup and view all the answers

What is a prerequisite for the approval of limited disclosure?

Research benefits outweigh risks to trust Signup and view all the answers

Who in the HREC is responsible for representing the experiences of lay people?

The two lay people with no affiliations Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding studies using deception?

Active deception must be justified and planned Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements is true about the role of a lawyer in an HREC?

The lawyer is not engaged to advise the institution Signup and view all the answers

What is the independent variable in the hypothesis about studying and test anxiety?

Time spent studying Signup and view all the answers

Which method of analysis will be used to test the hypothesis in the correlational study?

Correlation analysis Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a limitation of correlational research mentioned?

Cannot establish causation Signup and view all the answers

What is a strength of correlational research?

Lower cost and quicker to complete Signup and view all the answers

What is the dependent variable in the experimental research hypothesis?

Test anxiety Signup and view all the answers

In the experimental study design, what type of design is used?

Between-subjects design Signup and view all the answers

Which extraneous variable is suggested to be held constant in the experimental design?

Participants’ sleep patterns Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible issue associated with the directionality problem in correlational research?

It suggests that both variables can influence each other Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a manipulation check in an experimental study?

To confirm that the manipulation in the study is effective Signup and view all the answers

How many high school students are recruited for the research study?

100 Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Ways to Observe Behaviour

Naturalistic observation: Observing behaviour in a natural setting, such as a playground. Example: recording aggressive behaviour in children during unstructured playtime.
Participant observation: The researcher becomes part of the group they are observing. Example: A psychologist becoming an employee to understand workplace dynamics.
Field experiments: Manipulating an independent variable (IV) in a natural setting to determine cause and effect. Example: Studying the impact of seating configurations on student engagement.
Contrived observation: Observing behaviour in a controlled environment. Example: Observing how people react to a specific stimulus in a laboratory setting.
Observation of physical traces: Examining physical evidence of past behavior. Example: Counting cigarette butts in a public space to estimate the amount of smoking in the area.
Archival research: Analysing existing data, such as documents or records. Example: Examining historical records to understand trends in crime rates.
Content analysis: Analysing the content of communication. Example: Analysing newspaper articles to study the portrayal of women in the media.
Digital traces: Observing online behaviour. Example: Analysing social media posts to understand public opinion on a particular issue.

Sampling Behaviour

Continuous sampling: Recording all behaviour of interest. Example: Recording every instance of a child's aggressive behaviour on a playground.
Situation sampling: Observing behaviour in different locations and circumstances. Example: Recording how a child responds to a request in different settings, such as the classroom and the playground.
Time sampling: Recording behaviour at specific intervals. Example: Observing a child's behaviour every 5 minutes during a play session.
Instantaneous sampling: Recording behaviour at a specific moment in time. Example: Observing a student's behaviour at the exact moment a bell rings to end class.
Event sampling: Observing a specific event or behaviour each time it occurs. Example: Observing how a child reacts to each time they are praised by a teacher.
Individual sampling: Observing only one participant at a time. Example: Observing the behaviour of a dementia patient before, during, and after mealtime.

Quantifying Behaviours

Frequency method: Counting the number of times a specific behaviour occurs. Example: Counting the number of times a child uses aggressive language on the playground.
Duration method: Measuring the length of time a specific behaviour occurs. Example: Measuring the length of time a child displays aggressive behaviour on the playground.
Interval method: Dividing the observation period into intervals and recording whether or not the behaviour occurs in each interval. Example: Observing the playground for five-minute intervals and recording whether aggressive behaviour occurs in each interval.

Developing Self-Report Instruments

Clear and concise language: Items should be easy to understand and avoid using jargon or complex phrasing.
Culturally appropriate: Items should be relevant and meaningful to the target culture.
Ethical considerations: Items should respect participant values and privacy.
Informed consent: Participants should be fully informed about the study and have the right to withdraw at any time.

Research Ethics

Why ethics approval is important: To protect the welfare, rights, safety of participants and ensure research is conducted ethically.
MQ Ethics Committees: MQ has two Human Research Ethics Committees (HRECs) that review research applications, one for Human Sciences and Humanities and one for Medical Sciences.
HREC vs. Faculty Ethics Subcommittees: HRECs review research applications considered "more than low risk," while Faculty Ethics Subcommittees review applications deemed "no more than low risk."
Composition of HRECs: HRECs include individuals with relevant experience, expertise, and diverse perspectives.
Limited disclosure: May be approved under specific circumstances, such as when full disclosure could hinder the research objectives.
Active concealment/planned deception: May be permitted in certain cases, but only if it minimizes risk to participants and is justified by the research objectives.

Research process

Finding a research idea: Identifying a topic or phenomenon that is interesting and relevant to the field of study.
From theory to hypotheses: Translating theoretical ideas into testable predictions.
Defining & operationalizing variables: Clearly specifying the variables of interest and how they will be measured.
Identifying participants: Determining the target population and the sampling method to be used.
Research strategies: Choosing the appropriate approach for the study, such as correlational, experimental, or quasi-experimental.
- Correlational research strategy: Examining the relationships between two or more variables.
- Experimental research strategy: Manipulating an independent variable (IV) to determine its effect on a dependent variable (DV).
- Quasi-experimental research strategy: Comparing conditions defined by a non-manipulated variable.
Research designs: Choosing the appropriate structure for the study, such as between-subjects, within-subjects, or mixed designs.

Correlational Research Strategy

Objectives: To examine relationships between variables and to predict one variable from another.
Strengths: Quicker and more cost-effective than experimental research.
Limitations: Does not establish cause-and-effect relationships.
Directionality problem: Difficulty in determining which variable causes the other.
Third-variable problem: The possibility of an unobserved variable influencing both variables being studied.

Experimental Research Strategy

Objectives: To establish cause-and-effect relationships between variables.
Key elements: Manipulation of an IV, measurement of a DV.
Controls: Random assignment, manipulation check, holding constant, matching.

Quasi-experimental Research Strategy

Objectives: To compare conditions defined by a non-manipulated variable.
Limitations: Cannot establish direct cause-and-effect relationships.

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