Podcast
Questions and Answers
What effect does unraveling chromatin have on gene expression?
What effect does unraveling chromatin have on gene expression?
- Completely silences genes
- Turns genes on (correct)
- Has no effect on gene expression
- Turns genes off
Which brain structure is particularly associated with high agreeableness?
Which brain structure is particularly associated with high agreeableness?
- Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex
- Frontal Lobe (correct)
- Amygdala
- Ventral Striatum
How can a healthy maternal diet affect the Agouti gene in offspring?
How can a healthy maternal diet affect the Agouti gene in offspring?
- Activates the gene for obesity
- Causes immediate gene mutation
- Has no impact on gene expression
- Deactivates the gene for obesity (correct)
What is the role of the amygdala in personality traits according to the content?
What is the role of the amygdala in personality traits according to the content?
What lifestyle choices can positively affect epigenetic markers for future generations?
What lifestyle choices can positively affect epigenetic markers for future generations?
Which neurotransmitter is linked to both low conscientiousness and high openness?
Which neurotransmitter is linked to both low conscientiousness and high openness?
What connects low conscientiousness with activity in the brain?
What connects low conscientiousness with activity in the brain?
How do genes that produce more dopamine influence behavior?
How do genes that produce more dopamine influence behavior?
What is the association between openness to experience and the right posterior middle temporal gyrus?
What is the association between openness to experience and the right posterior middle temporal gyrus?
What potential benefit does reversing epigenetic changes have for treating diseases?
What potential benefit does reversing epigenetic changes have for treating diseases?
What percentage of personality differences is generally attributed to environmental factors according to twin studies?
What percentage of personality differences is generally attributed to environmental factors according to twin studies?
Which personality trait is significantly influenced by shared environmental factors?
Which personality trait is significantly influenced by shared environmental factors?
How do gene-environment interactions affect personality traits?
How do gene-environment interactions affect personality traits?
Which of the following best describes the heritability estimate for Openness in the Big Five Personality Traits?
Which of the following best describes the heritability estimate for Openness in the Big Five Personality Traits?
What role do epigenetic marks play in gene expression?
What role do epigenetic marks play in gene expression?
How does the non-shared environment influence personality traits such as Neuroticism?
How does the non-shared environment influence personality traits such as Neuroticism?
What is emphasized in the HEXACO model regarding the genetic influence on personality traits?
What is emphasized in the HEXACO model regarding the genetic influence on personality traits?
Which trait within the Big Five has approximately 41% genetic influence?
Which trait within the Big Five has approximately 41% genetic influence?
In the context of personality traits, what does the term 'phenotype' refer to?
In the context of personality traits, what does the term 'phenotype' refer to?
What factor contributes to the alteration of genetic expression as per the study of epigenetics?
What factor contributes to the alteration of genetic expression as per the study of epigenetics?
What can be concluded about serotonin levels and their effects on impulsivity?
What can be concluded about serotonin levels and their effects on impulsivity?
Which personality characteristic is more likely found in morning people?
Which personality characteristic is more likely found in morning people?
What changes are observed in personality type with age?
What changes are observed in personality type with age?
How does evolution influence human psychology according to the content?
How does evolution influence human psychology according to the content?
Which of the following is a challenge to evolutionary explanations of personality?
Which of the following is a challenge to evolutionary explanations of personality?
What is a universal human motive mentioned in the context?
What is a universal human motive mentioned in the context?
Which of the following statements about social pain is accurate?
Which of the following statements about social pain is accurate?
What might indicate increased hostility according to the need to belong?
What might indicate increased hostility according to the need to belong?
Which claim about neurotransmitter levels in the brain is true?
Which claim about neurotransmitter levels in the brain is true?
What can be an explanation for certain traits persisting in humans over generations?
What can be an explanation for certain traits persisting in humans over generations?
Flashcards
Nature vs. Nurture
Nature vs. Nurture
The debate over genetic vs. environmental influences on personality.
Nature (Genetics)
Nature (Genetics)
The biological influences on personality derived from genes.
Nurture (Environment)
Nurture (Environment)
External factors after birth that shape personality.
Shared Environment
Shared Environment
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Non-Shared Environment
Non-Shared Environment
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Twin Studies
Twin Studies
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Heritability Estimates
Heritability Estimates
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Gene-Environment Interactions
Gene-Environment Interactions
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Epigenetics
Epigenetics
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Phenotype
Phenotype
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Unravelling chromatin
Unravelling chromatin
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Ravelling chromatin
Ravelling chromatin
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Epigenetic inheritance
Epigenetic inheritance
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Agouti gene
Agouti gene
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Healthy maternal diet
Healthy maternal diet
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Frontal lobe
Frontal lobe
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Amygdala roles
Amygdala roles
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Ventral striatum
Ventral striatum
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Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex
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Dopamine
Dopamine
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Serotonin
Serotonin
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Impulsivity and Serotonin
Impulsivity and Serotonin
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Morning People
Morning People
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Evening People
Evening People
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Circadian Rhythm
Circadian Rhythm
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Evolutionary Psychology
Evolutionary Psychology
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Survival and Reproduction
Survival and Reproduction
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Cultural Influences on Personality
Cultural Influences on Personality
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Need to Belong
Need to Belong
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Social Pain and Emotional Pain
Social Pain and Emotional Pain
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Study Notes
Nature vs. Nurture
- Genetics (nature) is only a small part of personality development.
- Nurture (environment) impacts personality after birth.
- Shared environment factors are common to individuals in the same family.
- Non-shared experiences differentiate individuals.
- Biology influences personality beyond genetics.
Heritability of Personality
- Monozygotic (identical) twins are ideal for studying genetic influence.
- Heritability estimates (50%) show how much genetic factors affect personality differences within a group, not individuals.
Heritability Estimates - Big Five Personality Traits
- Neuroticism: 41% genetic influence.
- Openness: 61% genetic influence.
- Non-shared environmental effects range from 39% to 59%.
- HEXACO Model shows significant genetic influence on openness (63%) and honesty-humility (46%).
- Honesty-humility is most impacted by shared environment (37%).
Gene-Environment Interactions
- Genes and environment work interactively.
- Gene expression is influenced by environmental factors.
- Epigenetics study how external factors modify gene expression (e.g., stress, diet).
- Example: Child's difficulty being soothed creates a stressful environment which affects both caregiver and child.
- Stress and childhood trauma can alter genetic expression, influencing personality traits.
- Observable traits (phenotype) are shaped by both genes and environment.
Epigenetics
- Epigenetic marks (chemical modifications on chromatin) turn genes on or off.
- Example: Unravelling chromatin activates genes and ravelling deactivates genes.
Brain Structures and Personality
- Frontal lobe associated with agreeableness.
- Involved in decision-making and social information processing.
- Amygdala plays role in discrepancy detection; affects neuroticism and extraversion.
- Ventral striatum linked to reward, motivation, and habitual behaviors.
Biology of Personality: Neurotransmitters
- Dopamine linked to conscientiousness and openness.
- Higher dopamine levels associated with risk-taking behaviors.
- Parkinson's disease involves dopamine therapy.
- Openness to experience linked to higher dopamine, but stress can affect this.
- Higher serotonin levels correlate with lower impulsivity.
The Biology of Personality: Circadian Rhythm
- Morning people tend to be higher in conscientiousness and agreeableness (more introverted).
- Evening people tend to be higher in extraversion, neuroticism, and openness (outgoing).
- Age and life circumstances influence circadian rhythms.
Evolution and Personality
- Evolution shapes human psychology.
- Humans evolve in response to environments (e.g., hunter-gatherer societies).
- Survival and reproduction are key evolutionary drivers.
- Certain traits have persisted because they aided early human survival.
- Issues with evolutionary explanations include ignoring cultural influence and justifying violence/aggression.
- Belonging is a universal human need and social pain is linked to physical pain.
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