Psychology Lecture 10: Associative Memory

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Questions and Answers

What is the main rationale behind genetic screening for older women undergoing IVF?

To improve the chances of live births in younger women

To reduce pregnancy failure due to chromosome abnormalities in embryos (correct)

To enhance maternal health during pregnancy

To increase the number of embryos available for transfer

What was the finding of the 2005 study regarding lowering body temperature during aneurysm surgery?

It was found to decrease overall surgical complications.

It is still a recommended practice based on animal studies.

It significantly improved patient recovery times.

It had no improvement and increased the risk of infection. (correct)

What is a potential adverse effect of performing ear tube surgery too early?

Increased risk of bleeding and eardrum damage (correct)

Delayed improvement in hearing

Improved cognitive development

Persistent ear infections

What step follows the incision in the uterus during a cesarean section?

Push the baby out of the uterus Signup and view all the answers

What does an epidural dose that is too low cause during surgery?

Pain during surgery Signup and view all the answers

What was historically the reasoning behind midwives waiting until the cord stops pulsating before intervening?

To ensure the baby receives adequate blood Signup and view all the answers

In the early 20th century, what was one reason for implementing immediate cord clamping?

To minimize the baby's exposure to anesthesia Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the active management of the third stage of labor?

To limit postpartum hemorrhage Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT part of the interventionist package of care in the third stage of labor active management?

Performing cesarean delivery Signup and view all the answers

What effect does administration of a prophylactic uterotonic drug have during the third stage of labor?

Induces contractility of the uterus Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of the principle of autonomy in healthcare?

Patients have the right to consent or refuse. Signup and view all the answers

How do perceptions of risk and benefit differ among individuals?

They vary based on personal values and goals. Signup and view all the answers

What does Kotaska advocate concerning decision-making in healthcare?

Nuanced thinking should be embraced in complex cases. Signup and view all the answers

How can coercion undermine the principle of consent?

By exaggerating risks or threatening legal action. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between offering options and making recommendations in clinical guidance?

Offering options empowers patients, while recommendations guide them. Signup and view all the answers

What is the legal responsibility of a patient in the case of adverse outcomes due to informed refusal?

The patient is legally accountable for their decision. Signup and view all the answers

What does 'detached caring' in clinical practice entail?

Clinicians should respect patient choices without personal offense. Signup and view all the answers

What is a suggested approach to guidelines that respect patient choice?

Allowing room for preferences with clear risk disclosures. Signup and view all the answers

What portion of lawsuits against obstetricians and gynecologists are resolved in their favor without going to court?

75% Signup and view all the answers

How does the threat of lawsuits impact obstetricians' perceptions of patients?

They often lose trust in patients Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain is responsible for integrating physiological states into 'somatic markers' that affect behavior?

Ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) Signup and view all the answers

What is one consequence faced by physicians due to the risk of malpractice lawsuits?

They often change their decision-making processes Signup and view all the answers

In legal terms, when does a fetus become a person?

When it is fully born and separated from the mother Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of lawsuits against obstetricians do not actually go to trial?

25% Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant emotional consequence for obstetricians facing lawsuits?

Describing the experience as extremely negative Signup and view all the answers

Which type of knowledge is primarily involved in the understanding of med-ico legal pressures?

Semantic knowledge Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary recommended duration for delaying umbilical cord clamping according to WHO guidelines?

1-3 minutes Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of immediate cord clamping for infants?

Iron deficiency anemia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of delayed cord clamping?

Decreased red cell volume Signup and view all the answers

What evidence suggests that uterotonics are vital in reducing postpartum hemorrhage?

They are often associated with reduced hemorrhage. Signup and view all the answers

What gap exists between evidence and practice in the medical field?

It takes time for science to influence medical practice. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary criticism made by Archie Cochrane regarding healthcare interventions?

Many interventions lack reliable evidence. Signup and view all the answers

What impact does delaying umbilical cord clamping have on the need for phototherapy due to jaundice?

Decreases the percentage of infants needing treatment. Signup and view all the answers

What type of knowledge primarily serves procedural knowledge?

Semantic knowledge. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT influence the practice of obstetrics?

Personal opinions on childbirth Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of immediate cord clamping in premature infants?

Increased risk for intraventricular hemorrhage Signup and view all the answers

What type of reviews are concluded to be the most accurate in evaluating evidence?

Systematic reviews and meta-analyses Signup and view all the answers

According to the guidelines, how long should cord clamping be delayed to minimize the risk of hyperbilirubinemia?

60 seconds Signup and view all the answers

What primarily defines professional incentives in obstetrics?

Duty of care obligations Signup and view all the answers

What effect does hindsight bias have on people's perceptions of predictability after an event has occurred?

It increases confidence in the certainty of one’s judgments. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common misconception about the causation of cerebral palsy?

Cerebral palsy is often linked to birth asphyxia. Signup and view all the answers

What historical change allowed for legal abortions in Canada during the 1960s?

Establishment of therapeutic abortion committees in hospitals. Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributed to the escalation of C-section rates according to the content?

The medico-legal climate that encourages blame of the insured. Signup and view all the answers

During what period did Pierre Trudeau begin legalizing various reproductive rights in Canada?

1900s. Signup and view all the answers

Why were therapeutic abortion committees often biased in their decisions?

Issues of sterilization were conditional for marginalized groups. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the reasons given for why the fetus is not considered a legal person in Canada?

Legal interpretations favor the pregnant person's rights. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of free birth as considered by some pregnant individuals?

To have complete autonomy over the birthing process. Signup and view all the answers

Which event is linked with the movement to legalize abortions in Canada?

The establishment of illegal clinics by Henry Morgentaler. Signup and view all the answers

What consequence did the law against abortions have in the criminal code of Canada?

It criminalized all abortions nationwide. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Lecture 10: Associative Memory

Associative memory is an implicit model of the world, condensing a lifetime of experiences, not conscious.
Semantic memory is an explicit model of the world, including general knowledge and consciousness, and can be verbalized.
Culture significantly influences associative learning, strengthening associations through repeated exposure and weakening them through lack of exposure.
Intuitive judgments (System 1) are influenced by associative memory, with deliberate judgments (System 2) potentially correcting errors.

Reading 1: Associative Processes in Intuitive Judgment

System 1 operates automatically, using associative memory for quick judgments.
System 2 is deliberate and controlled, tasked with correcting potential errors from System 1, but often fails.
Associative coherence explains biases, as a stimulus triggers a self-reinforcing network of related ideas and responses.
Attribute substitution occurs when faced with a challenging question; the mind substitutes it with an easier one, leading to heuristic judgments.
Processing fluency, the ease of processing information, influences judgments by making familiar or easy-to-process things seem more familiar, true, or good.

Lecture 11: Heuristics vs. Statistics

Availability heuristic, processing fluency, and attribute substitution are mental shortcuts.
The concepts of "dangerous" and "safe" can be culturally based, disconnecting from factual statistics.
The use of probability estimation terms can be misleading, especially in the context of events that are described using such estimations.
Our intuitive judgments are not always based on statistical probabilities, but are culturally influenced.

Lecture 12: Motivated Reasoning

Dominant culture may tend to avoid or not value the physiological reality of human newborns.
Cultural values motivate attributing positive outcomes to dominant cultural values and negative outcomes to non-dominant ones.
Accuracy motivation involves seeking an accurate explanation, requiring cognitive effort/complex thinking.
Directional motivation seeks a specific explanation, potentially leading to biased memory/conclusion-driven reasoning.

Lecture 13: Medical Knowledge (Part 1)

The risk of intervening in labor can be under-estimated while the risk of not intervening can be over-estimated.
Induction of labor can overestimate the risk of stillbirth.
Medical practice can involve the precautionary principle or the anti-cautionary principle with regards to assumed risk of a practice (vs safety/benefit of the procedure).

Lecture 14: Medical Knowledge (Part 2)

Historically, midwives would wait until the umbilical cord stopped pulsating before clamping.
Cord clamping before the physiological closure of the umbilical vessels is a common practice.
Active management of the third stage of labor involves the administration of uterotonic drugs, early cord clamping/cutting, controlled traction of the umbilical cord and aims to prevent postpartum hemorrhage.
The quality of evidence related to the effectiveness of interventions in childbirth is not always high or well understood.

Lecture 15: Medicolegal Pressures (Part 1)

There are different levels of evidence in medicine, with Randomized Controlled Trials considered the most accurate.
Expert opinions (without data) have the lowest level of accuracy.
Medicolegal pressures affect physician behavior and decisions when considering the legal and financial risks of lawsuits, with potential risks in litigation even if the patient/family does not actively pursue a lawsuit.

Reading 2: Misguided Medicine

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) was widely used but then studies revealed significant risks, particularly for breast cancer, heart disease, and stroke.
Peanut allergies in young children may be reduced by early exposure to peanuts.
Keyhole surgical procedures for osteoarthritis of the knee may not be demonstrably better than other approaches
Routinely checking for cancer using tests such as mammograms and PSA tests may not always be the best approach for early detection: many cancers detected in such procedures could remain without treatment
Heart stents are still overly used despite having limited benefits
Vertebroplasty may not be a more effective solution than other approaches

Reading 3: A Woman In Residence, Ch 4

Detailed description of a delivery procedure
Standardized set of criteria used to assess and score the condition of the baby (Apgar score).

Women have the autonomy to make decisions about their bodies, including refusing medical procedures.
Subjectivity is essential in risk perception and benefit evaluation; different women will have different acceptable levels of risk.
Ethical considerations in medical practice related to coercion in decision making and balance of respect for autonomy vs need for recommendations in the presence of conflicting values.

Guideline Flexibility

Guidelines in obstetrics should, where possible and with appropriate safeguards, allow for patient preferences.

Lecture 16: Medicolegal pressures (part 2)

Ultrasound technology relies on sound wave reflection and echoes.
The "Georgia Case" exemplifies the legal and moral complexities in childbirth.

Lecture 17: Reasoning About Childbirth

Discussion of the history and legal status of abortions in several contexts.
Precedent in the legal system and the role of court decisions in defining the legal status of pregnancy.
Pregnant people's human rights in different periods and countries.
Case studies provide different legal viewpoints and legal reasoning.

Lecture 18: Childbirths Experience

A variety of approaches and preferences in childbirth exist, including scheduled C-sections, home births, and unassisted births.
Legal and societal contexts impact the possible choices for delivery procedures, considering preferences and rights of the individual.

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Description

This quiz explores the concept of associative memory and its influence on intuitive and deliberate judgments in psychology. It delves into the distinctions between associative and semantic memory, as well as the role culture plays in shaping these cognitive processes. Test your understanding of how these systems interact and impact decision-making.