Psychology: Gender Bias and Nature vs Nurture
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Questions and Answers

Match the concept with its definition:

Gender Bias = Treating a person differently based on their gender Alpha Bias = Exaggerating differences between men and women Beta Bias = Minimizing differences between men and women Cultural Relativism = Understanding behavior within the context of its culture

Match the research method with its description:

Etic approach = Assumes research can be generalized to all cultures Emic approach = Focuses on the uniqueness of specific cultures Internal Locus of Control = Belief that one can control their own outcomes External Locus of Control = Belief that outcomes are determined by external factors

Match the type of bias with its example:

Cultural Bias = Judging behaviors through one’s own cultural lens Ethnocentrism = Belief in the superiority of one's own culture Alpha Bias = Freud's view of women's moral inferiority Beta Bias = Underestimating differences in conformity

Match the concept with its associated argument:

<p>Nature = Behavior as a product of biological factors Nurture = Behavior influenced by environment and events Free Will = Ability to make choices unaffected by external factors Determinism = Behavior driven by factors outside one's control</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the psychological perspective with its focus:

<p>Evolutionary Psychology = Behavior as adaptations for survival Interactionist Approach = Nature and nurture working together Biopsychology = Focus on biological influences on behavior Psychodynamic Approach = Focus on unconscious influences on behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following researchers/ideas with their contributions:

<p>Bowlby = Monotropic theory of attachment Ainsworth = Study illustrating ethnocentrism Freud = Psychosexual stages view on women Asch = Experiment potentially underestimating gender differences in conformity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the term with its characteristics:

<p>Nature = Genetic and hereditary influences on behavior Nurture = Social and environmental factors affecting behavior Alpha Bias = Devaluating females in research findings Beta Bias = Misinterpretation by underestimating gender differences</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the term to the appropriate explanation:

<p>Face Validity = Seeming evident or straightforward Neurological Studies = Free will may be determined before conscious awareness Locus of Control = How one perceives their control over outcomes Behavior as Adaptation = Survival instincts influencing actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their implications:

<p>Culture Bias = May lead to misunderstanding behaviors Ethnocentrism = Can result in prejudice against other cultures Cultural Relativism = Promotes understanding of diverse behaviors Internal Locus of Control = Associated with positive mental health outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the psychological theory with its primary claim:

<p>Free Will = Human behavior is self-directed Determinism = Behavior influenced by past and external factors Alpha Bias = Females often seen as inferior in findings Beta Bias = Gender differences in behavior often minimized</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Gender Bias

Treating someone more or less favorably simply due to their gender.

Alpha Bias

Exaggerating the differences between men and women, often disfavoring women.

Beta Bias

Misrepresenting behavior by understating or minimizing gender differences.

Nature vs. Nurture

Debate on whether genes or environment determine a person's behavior.

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Nature (Heredity)

Traits passed from parents, often related to biological factors.

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Nurture (Environment)

Environmental factors influencing behavior.

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Culture Bias

Judging behavior based on one culture, ignoring others.

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Cultural Relativism

Behaviors understood within their specific culture.

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Free Will

The idea that people choose their own actions.

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Determinism

Behavior is caused by external factors.

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Study Notes

Gender Bias

  • Gender bias is treating a person based on their gender in a more or less favorable way.
  • Alpha bias exaggerates the differences between genders, often devaluing one.
  • Example: Freud's theory of psychosexual development is seen as exhibiting alpha bias because it suggests that women are inferior to men due to differing identifications with same-sex parents.
  • Beta bias minimizes or misinterprets differences between the genders in research.
  • Example: Biopsychology research frequently used male rats, potentially underrepresenting the differences in responses observed in females.

Nature vs Nurture Debate

  • Nature refers to the role of genetics and evolution in shaping traits and behaviors.
  • Nurture refers to the influence of environmental factors.
  • Many psychologists adopt an interactionist approach where they believe nature and nurture work together.

Genes

  • Genetic factors influence behavior and characteristics.
  • Examples of behaviors shaped by genetics are higher concordance rates in monozygotic twins for schizophrenia (around 77%) compared to dizygotic twins.
  • Genes heavily influence mental disorders and behavior development.

Evolution

  • Evolutionary arguments explain behavior characteristics as beneficial for survival.
  • Bowlby's monotropic theory suggests that infant survival instincts are crucial for attachment development and survival.

Cultural Bias

  • Culture bias is the tendency to interpret and judge behaviors based on one's own culture.
  • Ethnocentrism is the belief in the superiority of one's own culture, leading to prejudice toward other cultures.
  • Example: Ainsworth's study displayed ethnocentric bias, as it didn't reflect non-American cultures' norms and values.
  • Cultural relativism recognizes that behaviors must be understood within their cultural context.

Free Will vs Determinism

  • Free will is the belief that individuals have the power to make choices and decisions not predetermined by external factors.
  • Determinism is the belief that our actions are predetermined by factors in our environment.
  • Humanistic therapy emphasizes free will and personal responsibility for individuals to solve their own problems.

Evaluation Points for Free will

  • Studies and research suggest that people who have an internal locus of control tend to be more mentally healthy.
  • Neurological studies raise the possibility that free will might be predetermined by brain processes occurring before awareness.

Cultural Approaches

  • Emic approach emphasizes understanding culture-specific values and norms.
  • Etic approach analyzes cultural similarities and differences without cultural biases.
  • Studies need to be more culturally relative to avoid biases in research and consider differences.
  • Applying a universal approach to research may be inaccurate as it can ignore important cultural influences.

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Description

This quiz explores key concepts in psychology related to gender bias and the nature vs nurture debate. It discusses alpha and beta bias, as well as how genetic and environmental factors shape behaviors. Test your understanding of these critical psychological theories!

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