Psychology: Gambling Disorder

Gambling Disorder

• Persistent and recurring gambling behavior
• Diagnosis requires at least 4 symptoms within 12 months
• Can occur during adolescence or young adulthood, but also during middle or older adulthood
• Progression is more rapid in women than in men
• Exclusion: not diagnosed if behavior is better explained by manic episodes

Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)

• Angry irritable mood and argumentative/defiant behavior against authority for at least 6 months
• Symptoms: annoys others, blames others for mistakes, precedes conduct disorder
• Risk factor for anxiety disorders and MDD, and increased risk of adult adjustment problems
• Less severe than conduct disorder; does not include aggression towards people or property
• Comorbidities: commonly co-morbid with ADHD
• Exclusion: not diagnosed if symptoms occur exclusively during a mood disorder

Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED)

• Behavioral outburst and failure to control aggressive impulses
• Symptoms: verbal/physical aggression twice weekly for 3 months; must be at least 6 years old
• Exclusion: not diagnosed in 6-18 years if outbursts occur in adjustment disorder context
• DMDD diagnosis takes precedence if criteria for both are met

Conduct Disorder (CD)

• Repetitive, persistent behavior violating the rights of others or societal norms
• Symptoms: bullying, fighting, cruelty, theft, rule violation
• Onset: symptoms can appear as early as preschool but usually emerge from middle childhood to adolescence
• Severity: more severe in childhood-onset, predicting worse adult outcomes
• Comorbidities: can co-occur with ODD and ADHD
• Diagnosis in adults if onset is before age 16

Pyromania

• Purposeful fire setting on multiple occasions
• Symptoms: arousal before the act, fascination with fire, not for monetary gain
• Exclusion: not diagnosed if fire setting is part of CD, manic episode, or antisocial personality disorder

Kleptomania

• Failure to resist impulses to steal objects not needed for personal use
• Symptoms: increased tension before theft, pleasure after theft

Personality Disorders

Cluster A (Odd or Eccentric)

Paranoid

• Excessive mistrust and suspicion without justification
• Linked to early mistreatment and trauma

Schizoid

• Detachment from social relationships, limited emotional range
• Often preceded by childhood shyness

Schizotypal

• Social isolation, odd beliefs, magical thinking
• Associated with childhood mistreatment

Cluster B (Dramatic, Emotional, Erratic)

Histrionic

• Overly dramatic, exaggerated emotions
• Often co-occurs with antisocial behaviors

Borderline

• Unstable moods and relationships, poor self-image, risk of suicidal behavior
• Linked to family history of mood disorders

Narcissistic

• Grandiosity, lack of empathy, unreasonable self-importance

Antisocial

• Noncompliance with social norms, deceitful, impulsive
• Evidence of conduct disorder before age 15, diagnosis at 18 or older

Cluster C (Anxious or Fearful)

Avoidant

• Sensitivity to criticism, social inhibition, low self-esteem
• Fear of rejection

Dependent

• Excessive need to be taken care of, fear of abandonment

Obsessive-Compulsive

• Preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, control

Schizophrenia and Related Disorders

Schizophrenia

• Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior
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