Psychology Exam 1 Notes

<p>Sigmund Freud (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mary Whitton Calkins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Develop a hypothesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The relationship between physical stimuli and sensory perception (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Margaret Floy Washburn (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fovea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Malleus, Incus, Stapes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spicy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To convert sound waves into electrical signals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nerve deafness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To detect and process chemical signals in the environment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tongue (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Experimental group (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To control for variables that are not being studied (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The amount of caffeine consumed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their responses are not affected by the independent variable (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensation involves converting physical stimuli into neural responses, while perception involves interpreting those responses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recognizing your friend's face in a crowd (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide a baseline for comparison with the experimental group (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The independent variable is the cause, and the dependent variable is the effect (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intimacy vs. Isolation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Authoritarian (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The younger the children are when divorce occurs, the milder the effects tend to be. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Initiative vs. Guilt (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Authoritative (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Children understand the concept of infinity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Children learn best when they are challenged with tasks slightly beyond their current capabilities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formal Operational Stage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Psychosocial Dilemmas (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through interactions and dialogues with more knowledgeable individuals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The gradual removal of support as children become more independent. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Identity vs. Role Confusion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Teaching others reinforces one's own learning. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cross-sectional (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enhanced learning abilities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infants demonstrate a variety of facial expressions reflecting their taste preferences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maturation sets the foundation, and experience refines it. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To combine elements of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Improved depth perception (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Newborns have limited vision but can see further than previously believed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How the mind produces behavior rather than its composition.

Specialists who compare behaviors among species.

Studied human characteristics and heredity's role in achievement.

Creator of the IQ test and provider of special services for children.

Psychological approach focusing on observable behaviors, not mental processes.

Theory founded by Freud; emphasizes unconscious influences on thoughts and behaviors.

Study of relationships between sensory stimuli and perceived properties.

Systematic approach to answering questions to reduce bias.

Visual receptors responsible for color vision.

Visual receptors that respond to dim light.

Center of the retina with the highest concentration of cones.

The number of vibrations of sound waves per second, measured in hertz (Hz).

The intensity of sound waves, perceived as loudness.

The spiral-shaped cavity in the inner ear containing hearing receptors.

Hearing loss due to failure of ear bones to transmit sound properly.

The sense of smell which converts physical energy to brain activity.

A variable that an experimenter manipulates; the cause of something.

A factor that may change in response to the independent variable; what you measure.

The group exposed to the independent variable or receiving the treatment.

The group treated the same as the experimental group but not exposed to the treatment.

A method where subjects are assigned to groups using chance.

The conversion of energy from the environment into nerve signals for the brain.

The interpretation and organization of sensory information.

Any condition or characteristic that can be manipulated or measured in an experiment.

Newborns have better vision than once thought, developing depth perception as they crawl.

Infants respond more vigorously to interesting sounds, especially human voices, but may habituate over time.

Even at one month, infants can distinguish voices, preferring their mother's over others.

Newborns show facial reactions indicating a developed sense of taste and can distinguish odors.

Eight developmental stages from infancy to older adulthood, each with psychosocial dilemmas.

By their first birthday, infants achieve clear vision.

Infant stage where caregivers provide reliability, care, and affection leading to trust.

Development follows genetic instructions leading to sequential milestones like standing before walking.

Alcohol exposure during pregnancy can lead to FAS in babies, causing malformations and learning disabilities.

Parenting style that is supportive yet sets firm limits, fostering self-reliance in children.

Three types exist: cross-sectional, longitudinal, and sequential studies of development across ages.

Young adult stage focusing on forming intimate relationships vs. experiencing loneliness.

Developmental stage (ages 7-11) where children understand reversible operations and physical properties.

Lenient parenting style with little discipline; fosters impulsivity in children.

Understanding that certain properties of objects remain unchanged despite changes in form or appearance.

Stage (12 years+) where abstract thinking and logical reasoning develop effectively.

Range of tasks a child can perform with help but not yet alone; emphasizes interaction with skilled others.

Support method where teachers or parents assist children's problem-solving to promote independence.

Theory outlining 8 stages of human development, each marked by social and emotional conflicts.

Developmental tasks or crises faced in each of Erikson's eight life stages.

Vygotsky's idea that cultural context influences child development and learning interactions.