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Questions and Answers
What does the central route of the Elaboration Likelihood Model primarily focus on?
What does the central route of the Elaboration Likelihood Model primarily focus on?
According to LaPiere's findings, what discrepancy was observed between attitudes and actions?
According to LaPiere's findings, what discrepancy was observed between attitudes and actions?
What is the key concept behind cognitive dissonance theory?
What is the key concept behind cognitive dissonance theory?
What does social facilitation refer to?
What does social facilitation refer to?
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What is one characteristic of group polarization?
What is one characteristic of group polarization?
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In the study conducted by Asch on conformity, what percentage of participants conformed at least once?
In the study conducted by Asch on conformity, what percentage of participants conformed at least once?
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What does the bystander effect illustrate in social psychology?
What does the bystander effect illustrate in social psychology?
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Which theory suggests that individuals infer their own attitudes based on their behaviors?
Which theory suggests that individuals infer their own attitudes based on their behaviors?
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What type of minority influence is more effective in breaking conformity?
What type of minority influence is more effective in breaking conformity?
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What is a key factor that can strengthen the prediction of behavior from attitudes?
What is a key factor that can strengthen the prediction of behavior from attitudes?
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Study Notes
Elaboration Likelihood Model
- The Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM), developed by Petty and Cacioppo in 1981, explains how persuasive messages are processed.
- The central route involves thoughtful consideration of the message's content and arguments, leading to lasting attitude changes.
- The peripheral route relies on less cognitive effort, focusing on peripheral cues like source credibility, attractiveness, or message length, resulting in temporary attitude changes.
Attitudes and Behavior
- LaPiere's 1934 study demonstrated a discrepancy between declared attitudes and actual behavior.
- This highlights that despite stating negative attitudes toward a certain group, people often act differently in real-life situations.
Predicting Behavior From Attitudes
- Attitudes are more likely to predict behavior when they are strong, specific, directly related to the action, and accessible to the individual.
- Strong attitudes with social support are more likely to influence behavior, while personal experience and direct involvement significantly impact attitude-behavior consistency.
Cognitive Dissonance
- Leon Festinger proposed the theory of cognitive dissonance in 1958.
- Dissonance arises when individuals hold conflicting beliefs or when their behavior contradicts their attitudes.
- To reduce dissonance, individuals may change their attitudes, behavior, or rationalize their actions.
Cognitive Dissonance Reduction Strategies
- Cognitive dissonance can be reduced by self-justification, rationalization, and hypocrisy.
- Festinger's (1957) theory explains how individuals modify their attitudes to align with their actions.
- Bem's Self-Perception Theory (1972) suggests we infer our attitudes from our behaviors.
Social Influence Factors
- Newcomb (1961) emphasized the role of attitude similarity in influencing social attraction.
- Physical attraction is influenced by factors like familiarity, proximity, similarity, and transference.
Social Facilitation
- Triplett (1898) discovered the phenomenon of social facilitation, where the presence of others enhances performance on simple tasks.
- Zajonc (1965) extended this concept, explaining that the presence of others increases arousal, leading to either social facilitation (for simple tasks) or social inhibition (for complex tasks).
Bystander Effect
- The bystander effect, observed after the Kitty Genovese murder in 1964, demonstrates that individuals are less likely to help in an emergency when other bystanders are present.
- This is attributed to diffusion of responsibility and pluralistic ignorance.
Conformity
- Solomon Asch's (1951) conformity experiments demonstrated the power of social pressure.
- In his studies, 75% of participants conformed to a group's incorrect answer at least once, highlighting the influence of social norms on individual judgment.
Minority Influence
- Moscovici proposed the concept of minority influence (1969), showing how a consistent minority can impact the majority's opinion.
- Inconsistent minority groups have minimal influence, while consistently dissenting minorities can lead to significant shifts in majority opinion.
Group Polarization
- Group polarization (Moscovici & Zavelloni, 1969) occurs when group discussions lead to more extreme views than individuals initially held.
- This suggests that group dynamics can amplify pre-existing opinions, creating a more polarized outcome.
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts from the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) and how attitudes influence behavior. Explore the distinction between central and peripheral routes of persuasion, LaPiere's study on attitudes versus behavior, and factors affecting the predictability of behavior from attitudes.
