Psychology: Darwin and Pavlov's Impact

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Questions and Answers

What aspect of Darwin's work directly influenced the study of animal behavior in psychology?

His research on human consciousness

His focus on animal instincts

His use of controlled experiments

His emphasis on species similarity (correct)

Which psychological approach shifted focus from the structure of consciousness to its functions, inspired by Darwin?

Structuralism

Psychoanalysis

Behaviorism

Functionalism (correct)

What was a significant methodological contribution of Darwin to the field of psychology?

Integration of interdisciplinary methods (correct)

Behavioral conditioning techniques

Focus on instinctual behaviors

Use of introspective methods

How did Pavlov's approach towards animal subjects influence his research?

He incorporated humane treatment Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes John B. Watson's view on psychic or mental concepts in psychology?

They should be discarded for scientific psychology Signup and view all the answers

What major psychological phenomenon did Watson's famous experiment illustrate?

Conditioned emotional responses Signup and view all the answers

What type of behaviors did Watson believe could not be modified?

Instincts and innate behaviors Signup and view all the answers

What significant contribution did Pavlov make to psychological concepts during his research?

Introduction of conditioning Signup and view all the answers

What did the individual propose in terms of consumer behavior studies?

Conduct laboratory studies of consumer behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What factor was found to influence conformity in Asch’s experiment?

The number of confederates providing incorrect answers. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key outcome of ambiguous figures in Gestalt Psychology?

They allow for multiple, stable perceptions. Signup and view all the answers

How did the individual view the practice of advertising?

As a way to create dissatisfaction with existing products. Signup and view all the answers

What role do central traits play in first impressions according to Asch?

They fundamentally shape how we interpret behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Necker cube illustrate in terms of visual perception?

The concept of reversible figures. Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary finding regarding peer pressure in Asch’s experiment?

It led to greater conformity when the group was unanimous. Signup and view all the answers

According to the information provided, what is used to create reasonable interpretations by perceivers?

A combination of past experiences and biological processes. Signup and view all the answers

How did the Robbers Cave Experiment demonstrate the impact of shared goals?

By fostering cooperation to achieve a common goal Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary finding regarding autocratic leadership in Lippitt, White, and Lewin's study?

It led to aggression and dissatisfaction Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to goals that can only be achieved through group cooperation?

Superordinate goals Signup and view all the answers

How did the boys in the Robbers Cave Experiment exhibit behaviors towards each other?

They engaged in name-calling and physical aggression Signup and view all the answers

How did Fredric Bartlett's approach to studying memory differ from Ebbinghaus's?

Bartlett used descriptive and anecdotal methods Signup and view all the answers

What leadership style resulted in the most cooperation and enjoyment among the boys?

Democratic Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of social psychology did the Robbers Cave Experiment primarily help to develop?

Social Identity Theory Signup and view all the answers

Which response best describes the impact of laissez-faire leadership in the study by Lippitt, White, and Lewin?

No significant dissatisfaction but low productivity Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Darwin's Influence on Psychology

Darwin's theory of evolution significantly influenced 19th-century psychology
Focus on species similarities led to studying animal behavior for understanding human behavior
Emphasized the function of consciousness (functionalism) over its structure
Inspired the use of interdisciplinary methods from fields like geology, archaeology, and biology
Promoted a shift towards eclectic research methods, encompassing observations and experiments, particularly on animals
Psychology shifted from structuralism to focus on the functions of consciousness and behavior
Psychology became more diverse, with a focus on adaptation, individual differences, and empirical research methods

Ivan Pavlov's Contributions

Supervised nearly 150 researchers (1897-1936)
Conducted scientific research with focus on humane treatment of animals
Allowed women and Jewish colleagues to work in his lab
Controlled environment experiments led to the understanding of conditioning

John B. Watson's Contributions

Famous for experiments on conditioned emotional responses in adults, anxieties, and phobias
Established that emotional responses are developed in infancy and childhood
Founded behaviorism, arguing mental concepts are irrelevant to psychology
Emphasized animal studies for psychological research
Introduced S-R (stimulus-response) as the exclusive focus in understanding behavior
Believed behaviors are controlled by instincts, not modifiable, while learned behaviors can be modified

Gestalt Psychology

Developed the Necker cube optical illusion, representing a wire-frame cube in 2 dimensions
The viewer flips between equally possible perspectives
Employs ambiguous figures with multiple interpretations
Emphasizes the perceiver's active role in creating meaningful interpretations
Recognizes that visual experiences and expectations affect interpretation

Asch's Conformity Experiment

Tested conformity to majority opinion, even if the opinion was wrong
Observed individuals adhering to group consensus, especially under public opinion pressure
Identified "central traits" as key characteristics influencing impression formation
Central traits significantly impact how other characteristics are perceived

The Robbers Cave Experiment

Involved 22 boys in a summer camp divided into two groups
Fostering group identity and rivalry through competitive activities
Showed that cooperation to achieve shared goals reduced intergroup conflict and prejudice
Demonstrated the concept of superordinate goals reducing tension between groups

Kurt Lewin's Leadership Styles

Studies relating leadership styles on outcomes of boys' activity groups
Investigated autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire leadership styles and their effects on group behavior

Frederic Bartlett's Research

Emphasized descriptive or case-study methods over statistics
Introduced a more naturalistic approach to studying memory
Developed methods for studying memory under relaxed conditions, not unnatural ones (unlike Ebbinghaus' methods)
Focused on how people actively organize and interpret information

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Description

Explore the significant contributions of Charles Darwin and Ivan Pavlov to the field of psychology. This quiz examines how Darwin's theory of evolution influenced psychological thought and how Pavlov's work laid the groundwork for behaviorism. Test your knowledge on their methods and insights into consciousness and behavior.