Psychology: Darwin and Pavlov's Impact
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Questions and Answers

What aspect of Darwin's work directly influenced the study of animal behavior in psychology?

  • His research on human consciousness
  • His focus on animal instincts
  • His use of controlled experiments
  • His emphasis on species similarity (correct)

Which psychological approach shifted focus from the structure of consciousness to its functions, inspired by Darwin?

  • Structuralism
  • Psychoanalysis
  • Behaviorism
  • Functionalism (correct)

What was a significant methodological contribution of Darwin to the field of psychology?

  • Integration of interdisciplinary methods (correct)
  • Behavioral conditioning techniques
  • Focus on instinctual behaviors
  • Use of introspective methods

How did Pavlov's approach towards animal subjects influence his research?

<p>He incorporated humane treatment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes John B. Watson's view on psychic or mental concepts in psychology?

<p>They should be discarded for scientific psychology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major psychological phenomenon did Watson's famous experiment illustrate?

<p>Conditioned emotional responses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of behaviors did Watson believe could not be modified?

<p>Instincts and innate behaviors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant contribution did Pavlov make to psychological concepts during his research?

<p>Introduction of conditioning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the individual propose in terms of consumer behavior studies?

<p>Conduct laboratory studies of consumer behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor was found to influence conformity in Asch’s experiment?

<p>The number of confederates providing incorrect answers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key outcome of ambiguous figures in Gestalt Psychology?

<p>They allow for multiple, stable perceptions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the individual view the practice of advertising?

<p>As a way to create dissatisfaction with existing products. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do central traits play in first impressions according to Asch?

<p>They fundamentally shape how we interpret behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Necker cube illustrate in terms of visual perception?

<p>The concept of reversible figures. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary finding regarding peer pressure in Asch’s experiment?

<p>It led to greater conformity when the group was unanimous. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the information provided, what is used to create reasonable interpretations by perceivers?

<p>A combination of past experiences and biological processes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Robbers Cave Experiment demonstrate the impact of shared goals?

<p>By fostering cooperation to achieve a common goal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary finding regarding autocratic leadership in Lippitt, White, and Lewin's study?

<p>It led to aggression and dissatisfaction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to goals that can only be achieved through group cooperation?

<p>Superordinate goals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the boys in the Robbers Cave Experiment exhibit behaviors towards each other?

<p>They engaged in name-calling and physical aggression (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Fredric Bartlett's approach to studying memory differ from Ebbinghaus's?

<p>Bartlett used descriptive and anecdotal methods (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What leadership style resulted in the most cooperation and enjoyment among the boys?

<p>Democratic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of social psychology did the Robbers Cave Experiment primarily help to develop?

<p>Social Identity Theory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which response best describes the impact of laissez-faire leadership in the study by Lippitt, White, and Lewin?

<p>No significant dissatisfaction but low productivity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Animal and Comparative Psychology

Darwin's theory of evolution impacted psychology by highlighting the importance of studying animal behavior to understand human behavior.

Function Over Structure

Darwin's focus on survival influenced psychologists to study the functions of consciousness, not just its structure.

Interdisciplinary Methods

Darwin encouraged psychology to incorporate research methods from other fields, like geology and biology.

Eclectic Research Methods

Darwin's work encouraged psychologists to use a variety of research methods, not just introspection.

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Shift to Functionalism

The shift from focusing on the elements of consciousness to understanding its functions.

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Controlled Environment Experiments

Pavlov's controlled experiments introduced the concept of conditioning to psychology.

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Conditioned Emotional Response

Watson's experiment showed how a neutral stimulus could become associated with an emotional response, explaining the development of fears.

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Behaviorism

Watson believed that personality could be understood in behavioral terms, breaking it down into stimulus and its response.

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Regulatory system of child rearing

A system of child-rearing that emphasized strict rules, discipline, and obedience. It focused on shaping children's behavior through punishment and control.

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Gestalt Psychology

A set of techniques used to analyze how people perceive and organize sensory information. It emphasizes the whole rather than individual components.

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Ambiguous figures

A visual stimulus that can be interpreted in multiple ways. It demonstrates how our perception can be influenced by how we choose to organize the information.

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Conformity

The tendency to conform to the opinions of a group, even when those opinions are incorrect. This often occurs due to peer pressure or wanting to fit in.

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Asch's Experiment

An experimental study that demonstrated how people conform to group pressure, even when the group's answer is incorrect.

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Central Traits

Key characteristics that significantly influence how we perceive and interpret others.

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First Impressions

The process of forming an initial impression of someone based on limited information. This impression can be heavily influenced by central traits.

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Halo Effect

The tendency for a small number of central traits to exert a disproportionate influence on our overall perception of a person.

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Central Trait Effect

The tendency to perceive someone more positively or negatively based on a single prominent characteristic.

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Superordinate Goals

A group goal that can only be achieved by working together, promoting cooperation and reducing conflict between groups.

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Realistic Conflict Theory

A theory that suggests prejudice and conflict can be reduced by encouraging groups to work towards shared goals.

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Laissez-Faire Leadership

A type of leadership style characterized by giving group members freedom to make decisions and manage their own work, with minimal guidance or control.

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Autocratic Leadership

A leadership style characterized by actively directing and controlling group members, assigning tasks, and making decisions independently.

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Democratic Leadership

A leadership style that focuses on collaboration, consensus-building, and empowering group members to participate in decision-making.

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Descriptive Case Study Approach

A research method that emphasizes detailed, in-depth observations and analysis of individual experiences, often focusing on how people remember events.

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Social Identity Theory

A concept that emphasizes the importance of social groups and the sense of identity individuals derive from their group memberships.

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Study Notes

Darwin's Influence on Psychology

  • Darwin's theory of evolution significantly influenced 19th-century psychology
  • Focus on species similarities led to studying animal behavior for understanding human behavior
  • Emphasized the function of consciousness (functionalism) over its structure
  • Inspired the use of interdisciplinary methods from fields like geology, archaeology, and biology
  • Promoted a shift towards eclectic research methods, encompassing observations and experiments, particularly on animals
  • Psychology shifted from structuralism to focus on the functions of consciousness and behavior
  • Psychology became more diverse, with a focus on adaptation, individual differences, and empirical research methods

Ivan Pavlov's Contributions

  • Supervised nearly 150 researchers (1897-1936)
  • Conducted scientific research with focus on humane treatment of animals
  • Allowed women and Jewish colleagues to work in his lab
  • Controlled environment experiments led to the understanding of conditioning

John B. Watson's Contributions

  • Famous for experiments on conditioned emotional responses in adults, anxieties, and phobias
  • Established that emotional responses are developed in infancy and childhood
  • Founded behaviorism, arguing mental concepts are irrelevant to psychology
  • Emphasized animal studies for psychological research
  • Introduced S-R (stimulus-response) as the exclusive focus in understanding behavior
  • Believed behaviors are controlled by instincts, not modifiable, while learned behaviors can be modified

Gestalt Psychology

  • Developed the Necker cube optical illusion, representing a wire-frame cube in 2 dimensions
  • The viewer flips between equally possible perspectives
  • Employs ambiguous figures with multiple interpretations
  • Emphasizes the perceiver's active role in creating meaningful interpretations
  • Recognizes that visual experiences and expectations affect interpretation

Asch's Conformity Experiment

  • Tested conformity to majority opinion, even if the opinion was wrong
  • Observed individuals adhering to group consensus, especially under public opinion pressure
  • Identified "central traits" as key characteristics influencing impression formation
  • Central traits significantly impact how other characteristics are perceived

The Robbers Cave Experiment

  • Involved 22 boys in a summer camp divided into two groups
  • Fostering group identity and rivalry through competitive activities
  • Showed that cooperation to achieve shared goals reduced intergroup conflict and prejudice
  • Demonstrated the concept of superordinate goals reducing tension between groups

Kurt Lewin's Leadership Styles

  • Studies relating leadership styles on outcomes of boys' activity groups
  • Investigated autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire leadership styles and their effects on group behavior

Frederic Bartlett's Research

  • Emphasized descriptive or case-study methods over statistics
  • Introduced a more naturalistic approach to studying memory
  • Developed methods for studying memory under relaxed conditions, not unnatural ones (unlike Ebbinghaus' methods)
  • Focused on how people actively organize and interpret information

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Description

Explore the significant contributions of Charles Darwin and Ivan Pavlov to the field of psychology. This quiz examines how Darwin's theory of evolution influenced psychological thought and how Pavlov's work laid the groundwork for behaviorism. Test your knowledge on their methods and insights into consciousness and behavior.

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