Psychology: Coping Strategies and Disorders
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Questions and Answers

When is problem-focused coping most likely to lead to a positive health outcome?

  • When feeling overwhelmed by stressors
  • When emotions are expressed outwardly
  • When cognitive reappraisal is avoided
  • When the situation is perceived as controllable (correct)

What is the primary aim of emotion-focused coping strategies?

  • To alter one’s emotional responses (correct)
  • To maintain a healthy diet
  • To solve the problems causing stress
  • To engage in physical activity

Which of the following emotions is NOT typically associated with stressors?

  • Anxiety
  • Guilt
  • Jealousy
  • Contentment (correct)

What does cognitive reappraisal involve?

<p>Changing one’s interpretation of a stressful situation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Diathesis-Stress Model, disorders arise from:

<p>Biological predispositions combined with stress (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior is considered beneficial for mental health?

<p>Maintaining a regular sleep schedule (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Social Brain Hypothesis suggest about the evolution of human brains?

<p>They grew larger to manage complex social networks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bandura’s concept of reciprocal determinism includes which of the following elements?

<p>The interaction of cognitive factors, behavior, and environment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a positive dissociative symptom?

<p>Derealization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a manic episode in bipolar disorder?

<p>Increased energy and activity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT a positive dissociative symptom?

<p>Impulsive behavior (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the negative symptoms of dissociative disorders?

<p>Impairment in memory or mental functioning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In bipolar disorder, what contrasts with a manic episode?

<p>Depressive episode (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior might indicate a person is experiencing a manic episode?

<p>Spending excessively on luxury items (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the term 'bipolar'?

<p>Two opposite mood extremes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about dissociative disorders?

<p>They can include disruptions in identity and memory. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of self-efficacy in behavior and situation outcomes?

<p>It affects one’s belief in success, impacting subsequent behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes repression as a defense mechanism?

<p>Ignoring or trying to forget a threatening impulse. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does high self-efficacy influence one's approach to tasks?

<p>It increases the likelihood of persistence and effort in tasks. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of sublimation as a defense mechanism?

<p>Channeling inappropriate impulses into socially acceptable actions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the relationship between environment and behavior?

<p>Behavior and environment influence each other in a reciprocal manner. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when someone with low self-efficacy approaches a task?

<p>They are likely to avoid the task or give up easily. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does reaction formation involve regarding unacceptable desires?

<p>Expressing the opposite of one's unconscious feelings. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about self-efficacy is true?

<p>Self-efficacy can vary significantly between different life domains. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which personality trait is characterized by being hardworking, reliable, and self-controlled?

<p>Conscientiousness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of people who score low in extraversion?

<p>Reserved and quiet (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Individuals high in agreeableness are likely to be described as all of the following except:

<p>Antagonistic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

People who demonstrate high levels of neuroticism are typically considered to be:

<p>Worrisome and pessimistic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Carl Rogers, what term describes the alignment between a therapist's words and body language?

<p>Congruence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of locus of control is typically associated with learned helplessness?

<p>External locus of control (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study of psychological disorders is known as:

<p>Abnormal psychology (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which model of psychopathology integrates biological, psychological, social, and spiritual aspects?

<p>Biopsychosocial-spiritual model (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What principle does the Id operate on?

<p>Pleasure principle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the personality is considered the moral compass?

<p>Superego (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Ego?

<p>To wait for the appropriate time to act (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is NOT a component of the Big Five personality traits?

<p>Knowledgeability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Rationalization in psychological terms?

<p>Creating acceptable explanations for unacceptable behavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Projective hypothesis suggest?

<p>A person's responses reflect their own internal experiences and needs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Individuals high in Openness tend to exhibit which of the following traits?

<p>Imaginative and curious (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes personality assessment techniques that involve standard, fixed-format questions?

<p>Objective self-report techniques (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes hypomania in Bipolar II Disorder compared to mania?

<p>Increased energy without impaired functioning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a positive symptom of schizophrenia?

<p>Hallucinations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of impaired executive functioning in individuals with schizophrenia?

<p>Confusion and poor decision making (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are negative symptoms in schizophrenia generally described?

<p>Behaviors not typically present in healthy individuals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia?

<p>Sustained attention issues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is characterized by strong beliefs not grounded in reality?

<p>Delusions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is associated with avolition in individuals with schizophrenia?

<p>Decreased motivation for activities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the heterogeneous nature of schizophrenia as a clinical syndrome?

<p>Variation in symptom presentation among individuals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the response of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) during stress?

<p>Triggers the fight-or-flight response (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What increases in the body as part of the inflammatory response due to acute psychological stressors?

<p>Cytokines (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes situations where resources exceed the demands placed on a person?

<p>Challenges (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of problem-focused coping strategies?

<p>Changing the perceived stressor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What internal factor can influence a person's secondary appraisal of a stressor?

<p>Personal abilities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cytokine is associated with promoting inflammation during stress responses?

<p>C-reactive protein (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can characterize a perceived threat?

<p>High demands exceeding resources (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential drawback of problem-focused coping?

<p>Misdiagnosing the problem (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction of hypomania in Bipolar II Disorder compared to mania?

<p>It presents with less intense experiences of increased energy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is classified as a negative symptom of schizophrenia?

<p>Avolition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are hallucinations in the context of schizophrenia?

<p>Sensory experiences that lack an external source. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes executive functioning?

<p>The skills used to plan, make decisions, and focus attention. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is characterized as a positive symptom of schizophrenia?

<p>Delusions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically characterizes a cognitive symptom in schizophrenia?

<p>Confused thought patterns and decision-making difficulties. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom may indicate diminished emotional expression in individuals with schizophrenia?

<p>Lack of facial expression or emotional range. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of schizophrenia illustrates its heterogeneous nature?

<p>The variation in symptoms among individuals diagnosed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of acute stressors?

<p>Short-term circumstances lasting minutes to hours (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome indicates ongoing stress requiring adaptation and coping?

<p>Resistance stage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes stress responses that are beneficial?

<p>Eustress (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can result from prolonged exposure to stressors according to Hans Selye's research?

<p>Exhaustion leading to susceptibility to diseases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes traumatic stressors?

<p>Most severe stressors threatening life or integrity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is likely to occur in the exhaustion stage of stress response?

<p>Significant drops in energy and strength (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are chronic stressors characterized?

<p>Enduring circumstances lasting weeks to years (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact do Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) have on individuals?

<p>A range of harmful outcomes throughout life (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are re-experiencing symptoms of PTSD?

<p>Flashbacks and nightmares (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a cognitive symptom of PTSD?

<p>Inability to remember important features of the traumatic event (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes Major Depressive Disorder?

<p>Sad mood or loss of interest in activities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is commonly associated with Generalized Anxiety Disorder?

<p>Excessive fear and anxiety (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common physical symptom of Major Depressive Disorder?

<p>Frequent headaches (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

PTSD symptoms typically set in after exposure to a traumatic event within what time frame?

<p>Three months (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Avoidance symptoms of PTSD can manifest as what behavior?

<p>Staying away from reminders of the trauma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable emotional symptom of Major Depressive Disorder?

<p>Persistent feelings of guilt or shame (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of Humanistic Therapy?

<p>To help clients develop a stronger, healthier sense of identity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technique involves gradually replacing an anxious response with a relaxation response?

<p>Systematic Desensitization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of a psychiatrist compared to a psychologist?

<p>They are trained to prescribe medications (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the practice of Active Listening in therapy?

<p>Engaging with the client to understand their feelings and concerns (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who typically focuses on treating individuals with more severe mental health concerns?

<p>Clinical psychologists (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes flooding as a therapeutic approach?

<p>It entails prolonged exposure to anxiety-provoking stimuli without escape (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which quality is emphasized in Unconditional Positive Regard from a therapist?

<p>Acceptance and respect for the client regardless of their actions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What usually characterizes Counseling Psychologists in their practice?

<p>They provide therapy for clients dealing with everyday stresses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What level of education is required for psychiatric nurse practitioners to prescribe and manage psychiatric medication?

<p>Master’s degree or doctorate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which professional is primarily focused on addressing social issues that affect mental health care access?

<p>Clinical social worker (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What academic degree do mental health counselors typically complete?

<p>Master of Arts or Master of Science (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a therapist in the context of mental health?

<p>To assess and treat psychological disorders at various settings (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is used to aid patients in identifying and disputing cognitive distortions?

<p>Thought record (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Problem-focused coping

A coping strategy used when you feel you can control a situation. It aims to change the stressful situation.

Emotion-focused coping

A coping strategy used when you feel a situation is uncontrollable. It aims at managing emotions.

Cognitive Reappraisal

Changing your interpretation of a stressful event to reduce its impact.

Diathesis-Stress Model

Mental illness can result from a predisposition (diathesis) combined with stressful events.

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Physical Activity

Maintaining an active lifestyle benefits mental and physical health.

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Healthy sleep schedule

Maintaining a consistent sleep routine benefits mental and physical health.

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Reciprocal Determinism (Bandura)

Personality is shaped by the continuous interaction of thoughts, environment, and behavior.

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Self-system (Bandura)

A set of cognitive processes that help observe, evaluate, and regulate behavior.

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Self-efficacy

One's expectation of succeeding in a situation

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High Self-efficacy

Strong belief in success in a specific area

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Low Self-efficacy

Weak belief in success, leading to giving up or not trying

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Defense Mechanism

Unconscious strategies to avoid expressing unwanted impulses without awareness

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Repression

Removing a threatening impulse from conscious awareness (e.g., ignoring it).

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Sublimation

Transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable actions

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Reaction Formation

Expressing unconscious thoughts as their opposite

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Displacement

Shifting an unwanted impulse to a less threatening person

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Rationalization

Replacing a true but threatening cause of behavior with an acceptable explanation.

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Id

The core part of personality, operating on the pleasure principle; driven by basic needs and urges.

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Ego

The part of the mind that regulates the Id's impulses to conform to reality.

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Superego

The moral compass, representing right and wrong, learned from others.

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Projective Hypothesis

Interpreting ambiguous stimuli based on personal needs, feelings, and experiences; often used in personality assessment.

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Objective Self-Report

Assessing personality by comparing responses to standardized questions.

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Openness

A personality trait involving creativity, intellectual curiosity, and preference for variety versus routine.

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Conscientiousness

A personality trait related to orderliness, responsibility, and attention to detail.

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Positive Dissociative Symptoms

Experiences like feeling detached from your body (depersonalization), surroundings seeming unreal (derealization), or a fragmented sense of self.

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Negative Dissociative Symptoms

Loss of memory or impaired mental functioning, including forgetting personal information or important events.

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Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

A mental health condition where a person has two or more distinct identities or personality states, each with different names, ages, and traits.

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Mania

A period of intense energy, activity, and impulsivity; a defining feature of bipolar disorders.

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Bipolar Disorder

A mental disorder involving dramatic shifts in mood between mania and depression.

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Manic Episode

A distinct period of abnormally elevated mood, increased energy, and activity; may include risky behavior and psychotic symptoms.

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Depressive Episode

A period of decreased mood, lack of interest or pleasure, and decreased activity; opposite of a manic episode.

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Dissociation

A disruption in normal memory, identity, emotions, perceptions, or behavior; can affect physical sensations and motor control.

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Extraversion

A personality trait that measures the degree to which one's energy is directed inward or outward, characterized by talkativeness, sociability, and a preference for others (extroverts) versus quietness, reservedness, and comfort alone (introverts).

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Agreeableness

A personality trait that describes how friendly, cooperative, and kind someone is, contrasting with those described as unfriendly, antagonistic, and suspicious.

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Neuroticism

A personality trait that measures emotional stability, contrasting temperamental, worrisome, and pessimistic individuals with those who are even-tempered and calm.

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Internal Locus of Control

The belief that one has considerable influence over the events in their life. Typically linked to better adjustment.

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External Locus of Control

The belief that one has little influence over the events in their life. Often linked to learned helplessness.

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Abnormal Psychology

The study of psychological disorders.

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Dissociative Identity Disorder

A Dissociative disorder marked by a disruption in a person’s memory, identity, emotion, perception, or behavior.

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Hypomania

A less intense form of mania with increased energy and activity, but without significant impairment in functioning.

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Schizophrenia

A mental disorder characterized by disturbances in thinking, perception, and behavior, often involving hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thoughts.

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Heterogeneous clinical syndrome

A disorder presenting with a wide range of symptoms, varying greatly from person to person.

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Executive functioning

Mental abilities allowing us to make decisions and manage tasks using information, including attention, working memory, and planning.

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Positive symptoms of schizophrenia

New behaviors appearing during psychosis, not typically seen in healthy individuals, such as delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thoughts.

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Negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Behaviors observed in healthy individuals, but absent in those with psychosis, including reduced emotional expression, apathy, and lack of motivation.

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Delusions

Strong, false beliefs not based on reality, often held firmly even when contradicted by evidence.

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Hallucinations

Sensory experiences without any external source, involving sight, sound, smell, taste, or touch.

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Disorganized Thinking

A disruption in the logical flow of thoughts, often characterized by nonsensical speech and wandering from one topic to another.

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Stress

A broad concept encompassing external stimuli, internal experiences, and bodily responses, often triggered by perceived threats or imbalances.

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Stressors

External events or stimuli perceived as potentially harmful, challenging, or disruptive to a balanced state.

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Stress Responses

Internal psychological and physiological reactions to stressors, aimed at restoring balance and coping with the challenge.

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Acute Stressors

Short-term stressors lasting minutes to hours, causing potential harm or challenge.

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Chronic Stressors

Long-term stressors lasting weeks to years, causing prolonged potential harm or challenge.

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Traumatic Stressors

Most severe stressors, involving threat to life or physical integrity, causing immediate and lasting impacts.

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General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Hans Selye's model outlining the body's typical response to stress, with three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

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Eustress

Stress that is positive and beneficial, motivating and energizing.

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Cognitive Therapy

A type of therapy where the focus is on identifying and changing negative thought patterns to improve emotional well-being.

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Humanistic Therapy

A therapy approach that emphasizes personal growth, self-acceptance, and finding meaning in life.

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Active Listening

A technique where the therapist fully attends to the client's verbal and nonverbal communication, showing empathy and understanding.

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Unconditional Positive Regard

The therapist's acceptance and respect for the client regardless of their thoughts, feelings, or behaviors.

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Systematic Desensitization

A gradual therapy method to reduce anxiety by repeatedly exposing the client to anxiety-provoking stimuli in a controlled way while teaching relaxation techniques.

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Flooding

A therapy technique that exposes the client to their feared stimulus in an intense and prolonged way, forcing them to confront their anxiety.

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Psychologist

A mental health professional with a doctorate who diagnoses and treats mental and behavioral disorders.

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Psychiatrist

A medical doctor specializing in mental health who can diagnose and treat mental disorders, including prescribing medication.

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Major Depressive Disorder

A mental disorder characterized by persistent sadness, loss of interest, changes in sleep, appetite, and energy levels, and physical symptoms.

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder

An anxiety disorder causing excessive worry and fear, impacting daily life, often accompanied by physical symptoms like restlessness and irritability.

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Phobia

An intense, irrational fear of a specific object or situation leading to avoidance and significant distress.

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Suicidal Thoughts

Thinking about or planning to end one's own life.

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Anxiety

A normal human emotion characterized by worry, fear, and physical tension, often in response to a threat or stressor.

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Dissociative Disorders

Mental health conditions disrupting memory, identity, emotions, perception, or behavior, leading to detachment from reality.

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Trauma

An event or experience highly distressing or overwhelming, causing significant emotional and psychological distress.

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Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner

A nurse with advanced training (Master's or doctorate) who can prescribe and manage psychiatric medication in many states.

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Clinical Social Worker

A mental health professional with an M.S.W. who provides services to various populations in diverse settings. They also advocate for access to care and practical solutions.

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Mental Health Counselor

A master's-level professional who provides diagnostic assessment and counseling to individuals across the lifespan.

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Thought Record

A technique in cognitive restructuring where patients identify, challenge, and replace negative thoughts with more positive and rational ones.

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Cognitive Restructuring

A therapy technique that aims to change the way patients think and perceive situations by identifying and challenging distorted thoughts.

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Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

The part of the nervous system that controls involuntary body functions like heart rate, breathing, and digestion.

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Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)

The part of the ANS responsible for the 'fight-or-flight' response, preparing the body for stressful situations.

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Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS)

The part of the ANS responsible for calming the body down after stress, promoting relaxation and digestion.

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Primary Appraisals

The initial assessment of a stressor, evaluating its potential threat and relevance to you.

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Secondary Appraisals

The evaluation of your resources and coping strategies to deal with a stressor.

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Challenge vs. Threat

Challenges are stressors where resources exceed demands, while threats are stressors where demands exceed resources.

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Study Notes

Health and Stress

  • Stress encompasses external stimuli and internal bodily responses.
  • Stressors are perceived potential harms, losses, or deviations from a balanced state.
  • Stress responses are internal, integrated cognitive and biological reactions to restore balance.
  • Stressors can be categorized by duration (acute, chronic, traumatic) and severity.
  • Acute stressors last minutes to hours, chronic stressors last weeks to years, while traumatic stressors pose a threat to life.
  • Hans Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome describes the body's natural stress response:
    • Alarm reaction is the initial response to a stressor.
    • Resistance is the sustained coping mechanism during prolonged stress.
    • Exhaustion occurs when coping mechanisms fail, leading to stress-related illnesses and potentially death.
  • Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)
    • Exposure to adversity in childhood, especially lack of protective factors, can have lifelong negative consequences.
    • Includes maltreatment, household challenges, neglect.

High ACE? Now What?

  • Early identification and intervention are crucial in addressing ACEs.
  • Increase safe, stable, and nurturing relationships (Oxytocin hormones).
  • Exercise helps the stress response to recalibrate
    • Also helps with mood and immune system
  • Mindfulness helps the parasympathetic nervous system to relax and conserve energy.
  • Oxytocin (natural hormones released during bonding, such as breastfeeding, or nurturing a child)

Neurobiological Response

  • The earliest stress responses occur in the amygdala.
  • The hippocampus and prefrontal cortex also play crucial roles in learning, memory, and higher-order processing.
  • The autonomic nervous system (ANS) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis are rapidly activated in response to stressors.
  • The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) triggers the fight-or-flight response, the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) regulates return to homeostasis.
  • Brain activity can be measured through EEG or fMRI for studying reactions.

Stress Appraisals and Coping

  • Primary appraisals: Based on perception of stressor characteristics and relevance.
  • Secondary appraisals: Based on perceived available coping resources.
  • Challenge: resources exceed demands.
  • Threat: demands exceed resources.
  • Coping Strategies:
    • Problem-focused: Controlling or altering the environment.
    • Emotion-focused: Regulating emotional responses.

Diathesis-Stress Model

  • Explains conditions developing from a predisposition (diathesis) combined with stressful conditions.

Healthy Behaviors

  • Physical activity, healthy sleep, and nutrition are good for mental and physical health.
  • Social connections are important for maintaining well-being.

Coping Strategies

  • Behavioral coping: actions. relaxation techniques, and other strategies.
  • Cognitive coping: thoughts and beliefs. Cognitive reappraisals, and positive thinking.

Mental and Functional Fixedness

  • Mental sets: Relying on past experiences rather than using new strategies to solve problems. Leads to limitations in approach.
  • Functional fixedness: An object being viewed with only a singular function, limiting its creative use.

Comparing Three Types of Conflicts

  • Approach-Approach: choosing between two desirable options.
  • Approach-Avoidance: drawn to an option but also repelled by its drawbacks.
  • Avoidance-Avoidance: choosing between two undesirable options.

Theories of Emotion

  • Biological Theories: focus on innate and evolutionary origins of emotions.
  • Social Theories: highlight the influence of culture and social context on emotions.
  • Learned Theories: emphasize the learned aspects of emotions through experience and conditioning.

Personality

  • Bandura's Reciprocal Determinism: Behavior, environment, and thoughts influence each other. Self-system evaluates external stimuli and helps regulate behavior.

Self-efficacy

  • Expectation of success in each situation; important for goal achievement.
  • High self-efficacy=more likely to succeed.
  • Low self-efficacy=less likely to succeed.

Defense Mechanisms

  • Unconscious strategies for managing internal conflicts and stress. Examples include repression (ignoring the threat), sublimation (re-channeling threatening impulses), reaction formation, displacement, rationalization. These mechanisms are used to mask threats and anxiety.

Eating Disorders

  • Binge eating disorder: recurrent episodes of uncontrollable food consumption.
  • Other serious eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa which can cause death.

Psychopathology

  • Medical Model: Focuses on physical and biological causes and treatment (medications).
  • Bio-psycho-social Model: Examines factors from life experiences, and biological aspects.

Dissociative Disorders

  • Characterized by disruptions in memory, identity, perception, and/or behavior. Involves dissociative amnesia and dissociative identity disorder. These disorders are marked by a disruption in a person’s memory, identity, emotion, perception, or behavior. Positive dissociative symptoms include depersonalization and derealization, as well as identity fragmentation, while negative symptoms include memory loss or impaired mental functioning.

Social Anxiety Disorder

  • Fear of being judged or humiliated in social situations.
  • Common triggers include public speaking or meeting new people.
  • Avoidance of social situations or feeling significant distress.

Bipolar Disorder

  • Alternating periods of mood elevation (mania) and depression.
  • Bipolar I: manic episodes, Bipolar II: hypomanic episodes.

Schizophrenia

  • Characterized by positive symptoms (delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking) and negative symptoms (flat affect, alogia, avolition).
  • Heterogeneous disorder with a diverse set of symptoms.

Anxiety Disorders

  • Phobias - marked fear of specific objects or situations.
  • Agoraphobia- fear of open or crowded spaces.
  • Social Anxiety Disorder- fear of embarrassing oneself in social situations.
  • Panic Disorder - repeated panic attacks.
  • Generalized Anxiety Disorder- excessive worry about various aspects of life and has symptoms that last for at least six months.

Major Depressive Disorder

  • Characterized by persistent sadness, loss of interest, and other symptoms that impair daily functioning.

Stress Disorders/PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder)

  • Results from exposure to a traumatic event. Re-experiencing symptoms through flashbacks, nightmares, and intrusive thoughts.
  • Avoidance of trauma-related stimuli.
  • Arousal and reactivity symptoms, including hypervigilance, irritability, and difficulty sleeping.

Somatic Symptom Disorders

  • Marked by physical symptoms without an apparent medical explanation.
  • Symptoms may be related to psychological distress or trauma.

Factitious Disorder

  • Deliberate faking of physical symptoms or illnesses.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

  • Characterized by obsessions (unwanted thoughts) and compulsions (repetitive behaviors).

Hoarding Disorder

  • Inability to discard possessions, leading to excessive accumulation of items.

Conversion Disorder (or Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder)

  • Psychological stress causing physical symptoms with no medical explanation.

Additional note:

  • Information on treatment options and therapeutic approaches such as Gestalt Therapy and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is provided in separate sections.

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Psychology Past Paper: Health and Stress - PDF

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Test your understanding of coping strategies and psychological disorders in this quiz. Explore concepts like problem-focused coping, emotion-focused strategies, and bipolar disorder symptoms. Ideal for psychology students and enthusiasts.

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