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Questions and Answers
Which type of family consists of a couple only, without children?
Which type of family consists of a couple only, without children?
What was the main focus of the Asch Experiment?
What was the main focus of the Asch Experiment?
Which of the following family types includes relatives living together in addition to parents and children?
Which of the following family types includes relatives living together in addition to parents and children?
Which family type involves parents with children from previous marriages?
Which family type involves parents with children from previous marriages?
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In the Milgram experiment, what was primarily being tested?
In the Milgram experiment, what was primarily being tested?
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What term describes children who are deserted at a young age and raised by animals?
What term describes children who are deserted at a young age and raised by animals?
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Which of the following defines norms in a social context?
Which of the following defines norms in a social context?
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What type of family consists of two parents and their unmarried children living together?
What type of family consists of two parents and their unmarried children living together?
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Which term describes a group formed around a charismatic leader and often possesses spiritual beliefs?
Which term describes a group formed around a charismatic leader and often possesses spiritual beliefs?
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What is the purpose of sanctions in a social context?
What is the purpose of sanctions in a social context?
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What defines a mob in the context of collective behaviour?
What defines a mob in the context of collective behaviour?
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Which type of norms indicate what individuals should do?
Which type of norms indicate what individuals should do?
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Which term refers to informal norms based on tradition?
Which term refers to informal norms based on tradition?
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What characterizes collective behavior?
What characterizes collective behavior?
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Which type of crowd is primarily gathered for a specific event?
Which type of crowd is primarily gathered for a specific event?
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What is a defining feature of a mob?
What is a defining feature of a mob?
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Which scenario best exemplifies a dispersed collective behavior?
Which scenario best exemplifies a dispersed collective behavior?
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What is the primary agent of socialization during childhood?
What is the primary agent of socialization during childhood?
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Which type of crowd is characterized by high emotions and a specific goal?
Which type of crowd is characterized by high emotions and a specific goal?
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What defines formal deviance?
What defines formal deviance?
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What distinguishes a riot from a mob?
What distinguishes a riot from a mob?
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What is the purpose of socialization?
What is the purpose of socialization?
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Which of the following is an example of informal deviance?
Which of the following is an example of informal deviance?
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What does the prescriptive aspect of social norms indicate?
What does the prescriptive aspect of social norms indicate?
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According to the Strain Theory, individuals may turn to deviant behavior due to which of the following?
According to the Strain Theory, individuals may turn to deviant behavior due to which of the following?
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Which theory suggests that deviance is learned through interactions with others?
Which theory suggests that deviance is learned through interactions with others?
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In the context of Control Theory, what is a likely contributor to deviance?
In the context of Control Theory, what is a likely contributor to deviance?
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What can result from Labelling Theory regarding groups labeled as 'deviant'?
What can result from Labelling Theory regarding groups labeled as 'deviant'?
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What type of norms are mores considered to be?
What type of norms are mores considered to be?
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At which stage do peer groups begin to significantly influence children's behaviors?
At which stage do peer groups begin to significantly influence children's behaviors?
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What primarily characterizes the formal curriculum in education?
What primarily characterizes the formal curriculum in education?
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How does socialization contribute to individual behavior within society?
How does socialization contribute to individual behavior within society?
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Which perspective focuses on the functions of various social structures?
Which perspective focuses on the functions of various social structures?
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Which theorist is associated with conflict theory?
Which theorist is associated with conflict theory?
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What do symbolic interactionists primarily focus on in their study of society?
What do symbolic interactionists primarily focus on in their study of society?
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Which of the following is an example of a latent function in social structures?
Which of the following is an example of a latent function in social structures?
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What roles do peer groups play in the socialization of children?
What roles do peer groups play in the socialization of children?
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What was the primary finding of Milgram's Experiment regarding participant behavior?
What was the primary finding of Milgram's Experiment regarding participant behavior?
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What does agentic state theory suggest?
What does agentic state theory suggest?
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What significant ethical issue arose from the Stanford Prison Experiment?
What significant ethical issue arose from the Stanford Prison Experiment?
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In the Robber’s Cave study, how did boys develop hostility towards each other?
In the Robber’s Cave study, how did boys develop hostility towards each other?
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What are cliques primarily known for?
What are cliques primarily known for?
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Which of the following describes a key characteristic of cliques?
Which of the following describes a key characteristic of cliques?
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What is a major outcome of forming cliques for young people?
What is a major outcome of forming cliques for young people?
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What role do superordinate goals play in the context of the Robber’s Cave experiment?
What role do superordinate goals play in the context of the Robber’s Cave experiment?
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Study Notes
The Family - Including Types of Families
- Families provide friendships and satisfy psychological and social needs.
- Types of families include:
- Nuclear family: Two parents and unmarried children living together.
- Extended family: Relatives, beyond parents and children, living together.
- Blended/reconstituted family: Parents with children from previous marriages/unions.
- Childless family: A couple without children.
- Single-parent family: One parent with one or more children.
- Common-law family: Unmarried couple, with or without children.
Group Behavior Experiments - Asch, Milgram, Stanford Prison, Robber's Cave
- Asch Experiment (Asch Paradigm): Participants were misled in a visual test to see if they would conform to the incorrect answer given by a group. The result was that many people, under pressure, conformed to the incorrect group answer.
- Milgram Experiment: Participants were instructed to administer electric shocks to others (confederates). A surprising number (over 65%) continued to administer increasingly high shock levels, even when instructed to do so by an authority figure. This experiment highlights obedience to authority.
- Stanford Prison Experiment (Zimbardo): Participants were assigned roles of guards and prisoners in a mock prison. The guards exhibited aggressive behaviour and the prisoners were distressed. This highlighted the influence of roles and the potential for abuse of power. Key takeaway here is about the psychology of roles in stressful situations.
- Robber's Cave Experiment (Sherif): Two groups of boys at a summer camp developed hostility towards each other. Creating shared goals, or superordinate goals, reduced these conflicts. This experiment demonstrated that conflict can arise between groups and can be diminished via shared goals.
Cliques
- A clique is a small group of close friends.
- Cliques are often formed around shared interests, attitudes, or behaviours (e.g., dress, music).
- Cliques provide a way to form close friendships and develop interpersonal skills.
Collective Behaviour
- Collective behaviour describes ways people act in crowds, social movements, or throughout a culture/society. It's unpredictable, often localized or dispersed, and can be irrational.
Crowd
- A crowd is a temporary gathering of people.
- Types include:
- Casual: People in a bus or store, loose connections.
- Conventional: People gathered for an event (e.g., wedding).
- Expressive: People engaging in passionate displays (e.g., concert).
- Acting: A highly emotional group acting toward a goal (e.g., political protest).
Mob, Riot, Cult
- Mob: A violent, emotional crowd pursuing a destructive purpose.
- Riot: A disorganized, violent crowd without a clear goal.
- Cult: A group with shared beliefs and practices often around a charismatic leader.
Socialization
- Socialization is the lifelong process of learning and sharing societal norms, customs and ideologies.
- It equips individuals with the skills necessary to interact within their society.
- Primary agents (e.g., family) are influential during childhood while secondary agents (peers, schools, media) influence later in life.
Social Movements
- A social movement is a collective action aimed at bringing about a social change.
- Theories like Deprivation Theory, Mass Society Theory, Social Concern Theory, and Structural Strain Theory provide various perspectives on why social movements occur.
Social Deviance
- Deviance is a behavior that diverges from societal norms and expectations.
- Social control efforts are used to regulate deviant behaviour.
- Deviance can have various forms, such as criminal (formal) and informal actions.
- Several theories, like learning, control, motivation (strain), and labelling, explain the causes of deviance.
Personality Theories
- Piaget: Cognitive development progresses through stages (Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational).
- Cooley: The looking-glass self – our sense of self is shaped by how others react to us.
- Mead: Role-taking theory – we develop self-awareness by acting out the roles of others.
- Erikson: Lifelong development is characterized by psychosocial stages.
Prejudice and Discrimination
- Prejudice is an unjustified negative attitude towards a group.
- Discrimination is the biased treatment towards a group based on prejudice.
- Types of discrimination include racial, ethnic, gender, age, and religious discrimination.
Strain Theory
- Strain theory argues that deviance arises when individuals lack access to legitimate means of achieving socially accepted goals.
Differential Association Theory
- This theory suggests that deviance is learned through interactions with others who engage in deviant behavior.
Genie (Wild Child)
- A case study of a child severely isolated from social interaction. This study showed the importance of early socialization for human development and language acquisition.
Structural Functionalism
- Social structures function as a whole; disruption of one part impacts the stability of the whole.
Conflict Theory
- Argues power struggles among groups shape societal structures. Often focused on class conflict; examples include disparities in wealth and social power.
Symbolic Interactionism
- Emphasizes how shared symbols and interpretations shape interactions and society. Individual interactions create social reality.
Feminist Sociology
- Aims to understand and address gender inequalities within social structures.
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Description
Test your knowledge on family structures and key psychological experiments. This quiz includes questions about the types of families and the Asch Experiment's focus on conformity. Challenge yourself to see how well you understand these fundamental concepts in psychology.