Psychology Concepts and Validity
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Questions and Answers

What does reliability refer to in the context of psychological testing?

  • The ability to apply findings to various populations
  • The consistency of a measure over time (correct)
  • The accuracy of measuring a specific variable
  • The strength of the conclusions drawn

Which aspect of psychological wellbeing refers to feeling effective in interactions with one's environment?

  • Competence (correct)
  • Autonomy
  • Relatedness
  • Validity

What is a critical cause of the flow experience described by Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi?

  • Clear goals with adequate feedback (correct)
  • Boredom and lack of challenge
  • Exposure to irrelevant stimuli
  • Unclear goals and minimal feedback

What is NOT a characteristic of flow as per Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi?

<p>Increased stress response (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the boundaries within which a psychological test is valid?

<p>Test generalizability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does creativity fundamentally represent?

<p>A mix of uniqueness and usefulness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an evaluation method for Divergent Creativity Tests?

<p>Convergence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In decision making, what is the primary difference between maximizing and satisficing?

<p>Maximizing focuses on perfection; satisficing chooses good enough. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the approximate percentage of retention after 20 minutes, according to the Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve?

<p>57% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes recall versus recognition after 2 days?

<p>Recall significantly diminishes, showing only 10%, while recognition is at 75%. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is latent inhibition useful for in decision-making processes?

<p>Blocking unnecessary information (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the practice of teaching content indicates a better understanding?

<p>Teaching enhances retention rates over time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the fluency of answers evaluated in Divergent Creativity Tests?

<p>By the number of unique solutions provided (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What indicates a negative correlation when drawing ovals around dots?

<p>The oval leans left (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which variable is considered the independent variable in the experiment described?

<p>Feedback (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of conducting a split-half correlation?

<p>To determine the reliability of a questionnaire (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it imply if the correlation score is above 0.8?

<p>There is a strong relationship (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a thinner oval signify about the correlation?

<p>Stronger correlation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What approach is typically considered more expensive and time-consuming for validating a new personality test?

<p>Administering the new survey to a sample group (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of all-nighters on the brain?

<p>Affects brain functioning for up to four days (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the experimentation, which variable affects both accuracy and speed?

<p>Feedback (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the eight steps to Happiness and Life Satisfaction?

<p>Learn to Compete (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be measured to ensure consistency in a questionnaire?

<p>Correlation between new and old measures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an ideal strategy for studying sessions?

<p>Setting a specific goal for each session (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What component is part of the Satisfaction with Life Scale?

<p>In most ways my life is close to my ideal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy is recommended for effective studying?

<p>Making flashcards (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common misconception about highlighting?

<p>It may lead to highlighting the wrong information (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential downside of learning with rhythmic music?

<p>It can lead to distractions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of feedback in learning according to the content?

<p>Improves reaction time and accuracy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does magazine training accomplish in an operant conditioning framework?

<p>It turns the sound associated with food delivery into a secondary reinforcer. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process is used to gradually train new behaviors through positive reinforcement?

<p>Shaping Bar Pressing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an outcome observed when bar pressing behavior ceases to produce rewards?

<p>Extinction of Bar Pressing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of classical conditioning, what is the role of the NS (Neutral Stimulus)?

<p>It becomes a conditioned stimulus after association. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the acquisition period of classical conditioning, which condition is most effective for establishing a conditioned response?

<p>The CS and NS are paired closely in time. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the absolute threshold refer to in sensory perception?

<p>The point at which a stimulus can be detected 50% of the time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Weber's law relate to the just noticeable difference (JND)?

<p>It indicates that JND is proportional to the size of the initial stimulus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Signal Detection Theory take into account in the perception process?

<p>The integration of cognitive biases and sensory input. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'perceptual set' refer to?

<p>An active process whereby expectations shape perceptions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT classified as an optical illusion?

<p>Just Noticeable Difference (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of perception, what does psychophysical scaling refer to?

<p>The scale of perceptual experience based on JNDs above the absolute threshold. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary hypothesis concerning the Muller-Lyer illusion in the outlined experiment?

<p>The closer the comparator line length is to the reference line, the longer the judgment time. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the components of perception according to the content provided?

<p>Selection, organization, and interpretation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Psychological Need - Competence

Feeling effective interacting with an environment through appropriate challenges, expectations, and achievability.

Psychological Need - Autonomy

Feeling in control, making choices, and taking responsibility.

Psychological Need - Relatedness

Feeling connected and cared for by others.

Flow (psychology)

Exhilaration from engaging in complex tasks with goals, feedback, and suited challenge.

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Validity (in research)

Strength of a research conclusion.

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Correlation

The relationship between two variables, measured by a correlation coefficient.

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Positive Correlation

When two variables increase together. A strong positive correlation is a tight cluster of points in a scatterplot sloping upwards.

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Negative Correlation

When one variable increases as the other decreases. A strong negative correlation is a tight cluster of points in a scatterplot sloping downwards.

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No Correlation

When there's no relationship between two variables. Scatterplot points are randomly scattered with no clear pattern.

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Strong Correlation

A strong relationship between two variables, with points tightly clustered. A correlation coefficient close to 1 or -1.

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Weak Correlation

A weak relationship between two variables, with points loosely scattered. A correlation coefficient close to 0.

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Split-Half Correlation

A test of internal consistency within a questionnaire. It divides the questionnaire in half and correlates the scores from each half. A high correlation indicates reliability.

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Validate a new personality test

To ensure a new personality test accurately measures what it claims to measure. This can be done by comparing it to an existing, well-established test.

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Creativity

The ability to produce something both unique and useful, often through a process of discovery.

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Divergent Thinking

A thought process that explores multiple possibilities and unconventional solutions.

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Convergent Thinking

A thought process focused on finding a single, best solution to a problem.

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Maximizing

A decision-making strategy that strives to find the absolute best option, even if it takes a long time.

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Satisficing

A decision-making strategy that accepts a reasonably good option without searching for the perfect one.

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Latent Inhibition

The ability to filter out irrelevant information, which can be helpful in convergent thinking.

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Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve

A pattern showing how quickly we forget information over time, with a rapid decline initially followed by a slower decrease.

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Recall vs. Recognition

Recall requires retrieving information from memory without cues, while recognition involves identifying something previously encountered.

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Absolute Threshold

The minimum intensity of a stimulus needed for it to be detected 50% of the time.

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Just Noticeable Difference (JND)

The smallest difference between two stimuli that can be reliably detected.

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Weber's Law

The size of the JND is proportional to the intensity of the original stimulus.

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Fechner's Law

The relationship between the physical intensity of a stimulus and its perceived intensity.

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Signal Detection Theory

A theory that explains how we make decisions in uncertain situations, considering both sensory information and our own biases.

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Illusion

A distortion of perception, revealing how the brain organizes and interprets sensory information.

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Perceptual Set

Our expectations influence our perceptions, making us more likely to perceive some things and ignore others.

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Optical Illusion

A discrepancy between the visual appearance of something and its physical reality.

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All-nighters: Brain Impact

Staying up all night can negatively affect your brain for up to four days!

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Highlighting: Effective or Not?

Highlighting is not a great study method. It doesn't encourage deep understanding and might even lead to highlighting the wrong information.

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Flashcards: Study Tool

Flashcards can be a very effective study tool, helping you learn and remember information.

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Study Session Goals

Setting specific goals for each study session is ideal. This helps you stay focused and make the most of your time.

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Positive Psychology: Focus

Positive Psychology focuses on building strengths and happiness, not just fixing problems.

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Steps to Happiness

Sonja Lyubomirsky suggests eight steps to increase happiness and satisfaction in life, including practicing kindness, savoring joys, and forgiving others.

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Satisfaction with Life Scale

A simple five-question measure used to assess your overall happiness and life satisfaction.

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Learning with Music

Learning with rhythmic music can actually be harmful to your learning process.

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Magazine Training

A method of classical conditioning where a previously neutral stimulus (like a magazine delivery sound) is paired with a unconditioned stimulus (food) to become a conditioned stimulus that elicits a conditioned response (expecting food).

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Shaping Bar Pressing

Gradually training a new behavior by reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior. Rewards are given for actions that increasingly resemble the target behavior.

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Cumulative Record

A graphic representation of a behavior's frequency over time. It shows the total number of responses that occurred in each interval, creating a cumulative curve.

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Extinction of Bar Pressing

The gradual decrease and eventual cessation of a learned behavior when it is no longer reinforced.

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Spontaneous Recovery

The reappearance of a previously extinguished behavior, after a period of rest or time out, without further reinforcement.

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Study Notes

General Information

  • Labs involve exploring how variables influence each other while controlling for other factors.
  • Validity refers to the conclusion's strength, while reliability is its repeatability.
  • Test generalizability defines the boundaries of a test's validity.

Fundamental Psychological Needs

  • Competence involves feeling effective in one's environment.
  • Autonomy signifies having control and choice.
  • Relatedness highlights connections and care from others.

Flow

  • Flow is a state of exhilaration stemming from complex tasks and skills.
  • Characteristics include clear goals, feedback, appropriate challenges, and autotelic activities (valuable in themselves).
  • Flow leads to feeling in control and boosted self-esteem.

Correlation vs. Causation

  • Correlation describes the relationship between variables.
  • A positive correlation shows variables increasing together.
  • A negative correlation shows variables moving in opposite directions.

Experiment Design

  • Independent Variables (IV) are manipulated factors.
  • Dependent Variables (DV) are measured outcomes.
  • Controlled Variables (CV) are kept constant to isolate the effect of the IV.

Validating a New Personality Test

  • Approach 1: Evaluate the new test against an already validated test to identify correlations.

  • Approach 2: Correlate the new test with an established measure (should be above 0.8).

  • Internal Consistency (split-half correlation) is also essential. Cronbach's alpha measures average correlation.

Lab 2: Creativity

  • Creativity combines uniqueness and usefulness.
  • Divergent thinking involves 'outside-the-box' solutions.
  • Convergent thinking focuses on single best answers.
  • Examples include alternative use tests and incomplete figure tasks.
  • Remote Associates tasks link three words with a fourth.

Decision Making

  • Maximizing involves searching for the best possible choice.

  • Satisficing involves choosing a good enough option quickly.

  • Latent inhibition is the ability to block out unnecessary information. Useful for convergent thinking but not divergent.

Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve

  • Memorized meaningless words to measure retention.
  • Significant memory loss even within a short period.

Recall vs Recognition

  • Recall involves retrieving information from memory.
  • Recognition involves identifying previously encountered information.

Studying Tips

  • Short, frequent study sessions are more effective than long ones.
  • Active recall (testing yourself) is better than highlighting.

Lab 3: Happiness

  • Sonja Lyubomirsky's research explores factors impacting happiness.
  • Set point (50%), intentional activity (40%), and circumstances (10%) are key factors.
  • The Social Readjustment Scale measures life stress.
  • The Relaxation response counteracts the stress response.

Psychophysics

  • Psychophysics examines how physical stimuli become psychological experiences.
  • Sensation is stimulation of sense organs.
  • Transduction is converting stimuli into electrical signals.
  • Perception is organizing and interpreting stimuli.

Fechner's Law & Signal Detection Theory

  • Fechner's law relates perceptual experience to the number of noticeable differences above the absolute threshold.
  • Signal detection theory combines sensory sensitivity and decision processes.
  • Concepts include hits, misses, false alarms, correct rejections.

Lab 5 (Illusions & Classical Conditioning)

  • Illusions showcase how perception distorts reality.

  • A perceptual set explains how prior expectations impact perception.

  • Experiments include studies on errors, progressive errors and random errors

  • Classical Conditioning experiments involve training a response using a stimulus.

  • Shaping behavior reinforces successive approximations of the desired response to accomplish a task.

  • Cumulative records track responses.

  • Extinction and spontaneous recovery refer to the loss and return of learned behaviors.

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Related Documents

PSY100Y5 Labs 1-5 Exam Notes PDF

Description

This quiz explores essential psychological concepts including validity, reliability, and the dynamics of correlation and causation. It also delves into fundamental psychological needs such as competence, autonomy, and relatedness, and the state of flow. Test your understanding of these key principles!

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