Psychology: Concept of Learning
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of Kimble's definition of learning?

  • Social constructivist tradition
  • Cognitivist tradition
  • Behaviourist tradition (correct)
  • Humanist tradition

    • What is the common characteristic of learning that is mentioned in the definitions provided?

  • Learning occurs without experience
  • Learning produces a temporary change
  • Learning is a product
  • Learning is a process (correct)

    • According to Wittrock's definition, what is the outcome of the learning process?

  • A process of acquiring information
  • A temporary change in understanding
  • A relatively permanent change in behaviour
  • A relatively permanent change in understanding, attitude, knowledge, information, ability, and skill (correct)

    • What is the primary reason why the concept of learning is difficult to define?

    <p>Differences in theoretical orientation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of experience in the learning process?

    <p>Experience is necessary for learning to occur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nature of the change in behaviour that occurs as a result of learning?

    <p>Either overt or covert</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between Kimble's and Wittrock's definitions of learning?

    <p>One focuses on behaviour, the other on cognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common thread among the definitions provided by Kimble, Wittrock, and Passer and Smith?

    <p>All definitions focus on the process of learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the Behaviourist orientation in learning?

    <p>Observable behaviour and measurability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key aspect of cognitivist orientation?

    <p>Changes can occur in the individual that cannot be directly observed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is vicarious learning, according to the content?

    <p>Students watching another student interact with the teacher</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main point of disagreement among psychologists regarding the definition of learning?

    <p>What constitutes learning and how it can be studied</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, why are activities like crawling, walking, and talking not considered learning?

    <p>They are linked to maturational processes and growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the implication of the Behaviourist orientation on the definition of learning?

    <p>Learning must be directly observable and measurable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main issue with the existing definition of learning, according to the content?

    <p>It is unclear what constitutes learning and how it can be studied</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of neurophysiological connections in the context of learning?

    <p>They are necessary for an individual to develop certain skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of reiterating salient facts or ideas at the end of a lesson?

    <p>To facilitate recall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of learning involves the acquisition of verbal behaviour?

    <p>Verbal associate learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Gagne's classification, what is the first type of learning in the hierarchical order?

    <p>Signal learning or classical conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between verbal learning and cognitive learning?

    <p>Verbal learning involves verbal expression, while cognitive learning involves problem solving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of affective learning?

    <p>Learning of habits, interest, attitudes, and appreciation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the opposite of distributed practice in terms of studying?

    <p>Massed practice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What promotes rote learning?

    <p>Massed practice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of learning is classified into trial and error learning, classical conditioning, and operant conditioning?

    <p>Cognitive learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of insightful learning?

    <p>It involves the sudden understanding of a concept</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of studying similar subjects together?

    <p>Increased forgetting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of categorizing learning into different types?

    <p>To identify the specific area of behaviour in which changes are introduced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of processing leads to better recall?

    <p>Deep processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of depth according to Craik?

    <p>The meaningfulness extracted from a stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of elaborative rehearsal?

    <p>Giving words meaning or linking them with previous knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it recommended to study during quiet time?

    <p>To reduce the likelihood of interference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of deeper information processing?

    <p>Longer memory trace</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main concern of teachers in classroom management?

    <p>Using time effectively for individual help</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for diagnosing student skill levels accurately?

    <p>To provide individualized instruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of instruction that is too difficult or too simple?

    <p>Students become disengaged</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it essential to keep students active during lessons?

    <p>To reduce opportunities for disengagement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of prescription of appropriate tasks?

    <p>To provide individualized instruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between effective organisation and the use of instructional time?

    <p>Effective organisation maximizes instructional time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it essential to provide explanations of the value of learning?

    <p>To promote student motivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of grouping students or individualizing instruction?

    <p>Facilitates provision of individualized instruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Concept of Learning

    • The concept of learning is difficult to define due to differing theoretical orientations, such as behaviourist and cognitivist views.
    • Learning is a process, not a product, and involves a relatively permanent change in behaviour or capabilities.
    • Key characteristics of learning include:
      • Exposure to an experience
      • A change in behaviour
      • Relative permanence of the change
    • Behaviourist orientation emphasizes direct observation and measurement of behaviour, while cognitivist orientation acknowledges internal changes that may not be directly observable.

    Types of Learning

    • Learning can be classified into categories based on the domain or area of behaviour, or the methods used to introduce behavioural changes.
    • Types of learning include:
      • Verbal learning (involving verbal expression)
      • Learning of motor skills (e.g. walking, dancing, typing)
      • Affective learning (learning of habits, interests, attitudes, appreciation)
      • Cognitive learning (learning of concepts, principles, problem-solving)
    • Gagne's classification of learning includes:
      • Signal learning (classical conditioning)
      • S-R learning (instrumental and operant conditioning)
      • Chain learning
      • Verbal associate learning
      • Motor learning
      • Concept learning
      • Multiple discrimination
      • Learning of principles
      • Problem-solving

    Verbal Associate Learning

    • Verbal associate learning involves language and verbal behaviour, including rote learning and rote memorization.
    • Techniques to promote verbal learning include:
      • Distributed practice (spacing out study sessions) to promote long-term retention
      • Reducing interference by studying during quiet times and avoiding similar subjects
      • Employing deep processing through semantic processing and elaborative rehearsal

    Educational Implications of Information Processing and Memory

    • Teachers can help reduce forgetting by using techniques such as spaced repetition and elaborative rehearsal.
    • Effective time management is crucial in teaching, including accurate diagnosis of student skill level, prescription of appropriate tasks, and provisions for monitoring and lesson structuring.

    Time Management

    • Effective use of time is critical in teaching, with various types of time including planned time, allocated time, engaged time, and academic learning time.
    • Teachers can maximize instructional time by:
      • Keeping students motivated through intrinsic or extrinsic rewards
      • Keeping instruction at students' levels through grouping or individualized instruction
      • Keeping students active through engaging activities
      • Being organized and prepared to anticipate problems

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    Description

    Explore the concept of learning, its principles, types, and characteristics. Understand the different learning styles and domains of learning.

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