Psychology: Concept of Learning
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of Kimble's definition of learning?

  • Social constructivist tradition
  • Cognitivist tradition
  • Behaviourist tradition (correct)
  • Humanist tradition

What is the common characteristic of learning that is mentioned in the definitions provided?

  • Learning occurs without experience
  • Learning produces a temporary change
  • Learning is a product
  • Learning is a process (correct)

According to Wittrock's definition, what is the outcome of the learning process?

  • A process of acquiring information
  • A temporary change in understanding
  • A relatively permanent change in behaviour
  • A relatively permanent change in understanding, attitude, knowledge, information, ability, and skill (correct)

What is the primary reason why the concept of learning is difficult to define?

<p>Differences in theoretical orientation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of experience in the learning process?

<p>Experience is necessary for learning to occur (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the nature of the change in behaviour that occurs as a result of learning?

<p>Either overt or covert (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between Kimble's and Wittrock's definitions of learning?

<p>One focuses on behaviour, the other on cognition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common thread among the definitions provided by Kimble, Wittrock, and Passer and Smith?

<p>All definitions focus on the process of learning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the Behaviourist orientation in learning?

<p>Observable behaviour and measurability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key aspect of cognitivist orientation?

<p>Changes can occur in the individual that cannot be directly observed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is vicarious learning, according to the content?

<p>Students watching another student interact with the teacher (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main point of disagreement among psychologists regarding the definition of learning?

<p>What constitutes learning and how it can be studied (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, why are activities like crawling, walking, and talking not considered learning?

<p>They are linked to maturational processes and growth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of the Behaviourist orientation on the definition of learning?

<p>Learning must be directly observable and measurable (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main issue with the existing definition of learning, according to the content?

<p>It is unclear what constitutes learning and how it can be studied (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of neurophysiological connections in the context of learning?

<p>They are necessary for an individual to develop certain skills (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of reiterating salient facts or ideas at the end of a lesson?

<p>To facilitate recall (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of learning involves the acquisition of verbal behaviour?

<p>Verbal associate learning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Gagne's classification, what is the first type of learning in the hierarchical order?

<p>Signal learning or classical conditioning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between verbal learning and cognitive learning?

<p>Verbal learning involves verbal expression, while cognitive learning involves problem solving (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of affective learning?

<p>Learning of habits, interest, attitudes, and appreciation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the opposite of distributed practice in terms of studying?

<p>Massed practice (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What promotes rote learning?

<p>Massed practice (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of learning is classified into trial and error learning, classical conditioning, and operant conditioning?

<p>Cognitive learning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of insightful learning?

<p>It involves the sudden understanding of a concept (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of studying similar subjects together?

<p>Increased forgetting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of categorizing learning into different types?

<p>To identify the specific area of behaviour in which changes are introduced (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of processing leads to better recall?

<p>Deep processing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of depth according to Craik?

<p>The meaningfulness extracted from a stimulus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of elaborative rehearsal?

<p>Giving words meaning or linking them with previous knowledge (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it recommended to study during quiet time?

<p>To reduce the likelihood of interference (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of deeper information processing?

<p>Longer memory trace (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main concern of teachers in classroom management?

<p>Using time effectively for individual help (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for diagnosing student skill levels accurately?

<p>To provide individualized instruction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of instruction that is too difficult or too simple?

<p>Students become disengaged (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it essential to keep students active during lessons?

<p>To reduce opportunities for disengagement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of prescription of appropriate tasks?

<p>To provide individualized instruction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between effective organisation and the use of instructional time?

<p>Effective organisation maximizes instructional time (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it essential to provide explanations of the value of learning?

<p>To promote student motivation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of grouping students or individualizing instruction?

<p>Facilitates provision of individualized instruction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Concept of Learning

  • The concept of learning is difficult to define due to differing theoretical orientations, such as behaviourist and cognitivist views.
  • Learning is a process, not a product, and involves a relatively permanent change in behaviour or capabilities.
  • Key characteristics of learning include:
    • Exposure to an experience
    • A change in behaviour
    • Relative permanence of the change
  • Behaviourist orientation emphasizes direct observation and measurement of behaviour, while cognitivist orientation acknowledges internal changes that may not be directly observable.

Types of Learning

  • Learning can be classified into categories based on the domain or area of behaviour, or the methods used to introduce behavioural changes.
  • Types of learning include:
    • Verbal learning (involving verbal expression)
    • Learning of motor skills (e.g. walking, dancing, typing)
    • Affective learning (learning of habits, interests, attitudes, appreciation)
    • Cognitive learning (learning of concepts, principles, problem-solving)
  • Gagne's classification of learning includes:
    • Signal learning (classical conditioning)
    • S-R learning (instrumental and operant conditioning)
    • Chain learning
    • Verbal associate learning
    • Motor learning
    • Concept learning
    • Multiple discrimination
    • Learning of principles
    • Problem-solving

Verbal Associate Learning

  • Verbal associate learning involves language and verbal behaviour, including rote learning and rote memorization.
  • Techniques to promote verbal learning include:
    • Distributed practice (spacing out study sessions) to promote long-term retention
    • Reducing interference by studying during quiet times and avoiding similar subjects
    • Employing deep processing through semantic processing and elaborative rehearsal

Educational Implications of Information Processing and Memory

  • Teachers can help reduce forgetting by using techniques such as spaced repetition and elaborative rehearsal.
  • Effective time management is crucial in teaching, including accurate diagnosis of student skill level, prescription of appropriate tasks, and provisions for monitoring and lesson structuring.

Time Management

  • Effective use of time is critical in teaching, with various types of time including planned time, allocated time, engaged time, and academic learning time.
  • Teachers can maximize instructional time by:
    • Keeping students motivated through intrinsic or extrinsic rewards
    • Keeping instruction at students' levels through grouping or individualized instruction
    • Keeping students active through engaging activities
    • Being organized and prepared to anticipate problems

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Explore the concept of learning, its principles, types, and characteristics. Understand the different learning styles and domains of learning.

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