Psychology Color Perception and Cognitive Biases

False (B)

Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory and Opponent-process Theory

<p>blue</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Linear perspective = Lines converge at a distance Relative size = Distant objects appear smaller Texture gradient = Texture becomes less apparent with distance Interposition = Closer objects block distant objects Height in plane = Distant objects are higher in the visual field</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Our intuition is influenced by cognitive biases. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hindsight bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>scientific</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hindsight bias = Believing an event was predictable after it has occurred Single-case bias = Overgeneralizing from one instance Perceiving order in random events = Seeing patterns in random occurrences Overconfidence bias = Having an excessive belief in one’s own abilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Arrogance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ability to assess the quality of information and question assumptions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A mental container that organizes experiences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ability to understand that others have their own thoughts and perspectives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>socialization</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both nature and nurture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secure attachment = Distress at separation and seeks contact at reunion Insecure attachment - Anxious = Clings to mother, less exploration, remains upset at reunion Insecure attachment - Avoidant = Avoids contact and shows little distress at separation Disorganized attachment = Disoriented behavior and confusion towards caregiver</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An organism's behavior is adjusted based on the consequences of their actions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The return of a conditioned response after a rest period following extinction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Generalization = Responding to similar stimuli Discrimination = Responding only to a specific stimulus Extinction = Diminishing of conditioned response Continuous reinforcement = Reward given every time behavior occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Variable interval reinforcement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Generalization refers to the tendency to respond to similar stimuli, while discrimination involves responding only to specific stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reliable (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The extent to which results can be applied to other situations, individuals, or events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>random</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A questionnaire about feelings of anxiety (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Experiment bias = Double-blind procedure Placebo effect = Control groups Sampling bias = Random sampling Measurement bias = Standardized tools</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To compare the effects of the treatment against a standard (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The extent to which variables represent the abstract concepts of interest.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The process of repeating a study using the same or similar protocols.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>knowledge mobilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HARKing = Hypothesizing After the Results are Known Unobtrusive measures = Naturalistic observations that do not interfere Confidentiality = Results are seen only by the researcher Anonymity = Responses recorded without linking to individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To share research results with the public (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low statistical power or research practices like HARKing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of looking inward at one's own thoughts and feelings is unreliable for understanding mental processes. Our perceptions can be inaccurate, even when we feel they are true.

A structured and organized way of examining mental processes and behavior to understand their underlying causes. This contrasts with relying solely on personal observations.

Systematic errors in our thinking that can influence our perceptions and judgments. These biases make us prone to misinterpreting information and drawing incorrect conclusions.

The tendency to believe that we knew something all along after we learn the outcome. This makes it hard to objectively assess events that have already unfolded.

Drawing general conclusions from a single experience or individual. This is problematic because one case does not necessarily represent a broader pattern.

The tendency to see meaningful patterns in random events. This can lead us to believe that there is a cause-and-effect relationship where none exists.

A method of investigation that aims to reduce bias and provide evidence-based conclusions. It uses systematic observation, experimentation, and analysis.

The ability to evaluate information carefully, question assumptions, and consider alternative explanations before forming opinions.

A measurement that is consistent across different instruments and observers, within a margin of error.

A measurement that provides stable and consistent results across multiple observations and time points.

A measurement that accurately captures the intended construct or concept.

The extent to which a measurement accurately represents the abstract concept it aims to measure.

The degree to which results from one study can be applied to other situations, individuals, or events.

A sample where each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.

The experimenter's expectations influencing the results of a study.

Changes in behavior due to the participant's belief in a treatment, even if it's inactive.

A research design where neither the participants nor the researchers know who is receiving the treatment or placebo.

The tendency for participants to change their behavior simply because they know they are being observed.

Repeating a study, using either the exact same or a similar protocol, to verify the original findings.

Hypothesizing After the Results are Known. A questionable research practice where researchers formulate their hypotheses after finding interesting results.

A study's inability to detect a real effect due to insufficient sample size or variability in the data.

A finding that indicates a relationship or effect when there is actually none.

The process of putting research findings into practice and making them useful for society.

A scholarly work that has been evaluated by other experts in the field before publication.

A mental framework that organizes our experiences and knowledge based on similarities and differences.

The process of fitting new experiences into existing schemas.

The process of modifying existing schemas to incorporate new experiences.

The ability to understand that others have their own thoughts, feelings, and perspectives.

Learning the norms, values, and behaviors of a particular culture and society.

A strong emotional bond with another person, especially a caregiver.

A healthy attachment style characterized by trust, comfort, and security in the relationship.

An attachment style marked by anxiety or avoidance in relationships, often due to inconsistent or unresponsive caregiving.

Theory stating that our color vision is based on three types of cones sensitive to red, green, and blue light. Different combinations of these cones' activation allow us to perceive the full spectrum of colors.

Theory proposing that color vision involves opposing pairs of color-sensitive neurons, where activity in one member of the pair inhibits the other. This explains why we see afterimages and why we can't perceive certain color combinations, like reddish-green.

A monocular depth cue where parallel lines appear to converge as they extend away from the viewer. This creates the illusion of depth and distance.

A binocular depth cue resulting from the slightly different views of the world that each eye receives. This difference, greater for closer objects, helps the brain calculate depth.

A binocular depth cue where the eyes rotate inward when focusing on nearby objects. The brain uses the amount of inward rotation to estimate distance.

Learning through association, where a neutral stimulus (NS) becomes paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) to elicit a conditioned response (CR).

The gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus (CS) is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus (US).

The reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest.

Responding to stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus.

Learning to distinguish between the conditioned stimulus and other similar stimuli and only respond to the original CS.

Learning through consequences. Behaviors followed by rewards are more likely to be repeated, while behaviors followed by punishments are less likely.

Adding something desirable after a behavior to increase its likelihood.

Removing something unpleasant after a behavior to increase its likelihood.