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Questions and Answers
What initial behavior did the dogs exhibit when they saw the lab technicians?
What initial behavior did the dogs exhibit when they saw the lab technicians?
- Barked excitedly
- Salivated (correct)
- Ran away
- Ignored them
What does the term 'classical conditioning' refer to?
What does the term 'classical conditioning' refer to?
- Responding to stimuli through direct instruction
- Learning through trial and error
- Forgetting learned responses over time
- Learning when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a naturally occurring behavior (correct)
What was the neutral stimulus in Pavlov's experiments?
What was the neutral stimulus in Pavlov's experiments?
- Sound (correct)
- Salivation
- Food
- Lab technicians' presence
What likely happened to the dogs after they learned to associate the sound with food?
What likely happened to the dogs after they learned to associate the sound with food?
What is the term for the stage when a conditioned response is first established and strengthened?
What is the term for the stage when a conditioned response is first established and strengthened?
In the Little Albert experiment, what was the unconditioned stimulus?
In the Little Albert experiment, what was the unconditioned stimulus?
Which principle describes the decrease of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is not paired with the unconditioned stimulus?
Which principle describes the decrease of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is not paired with the unconditioned stimulus?
What phenomenon is indicated by the reappearance of a conditioned response after a period of rest?
What phenomenon is indicated by the reappearance of a conditioned response after a period of rest?
What best describes the process where a conditioned stimulus evokes responses from similar stimuli?
What best describes the process where a conditioned stimulus evokes responses from similar stimuli?
Which principle allows an individual to distinguish between the conditioned stimulus and other stimuli?
Which principle allows an individual to distinguish between the conditioned stimulus and other stimuli?
What is an example of spontaneous recovery?
What is an example of spontaneous recovery?
Which of the following statements best reflects the idea of classical conditioning?
Which of the following statements best reflects the idea of classical conditioning?
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Study Notes
Ivan Pavlov and Classical Conditioning
- Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov discovered classical conditioning while studying dogs' digestive systems.
- Noticed dogs salivated at the sight of lab technicians, associating them with food delivery.
- Conducted experiments pairing a specific sound with food, leading dogs to salivate upon hearing the sound alone.
Core Concepts of Classical Conditioning
- Classical Conditioning: A learning process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus, eliciting a conditioned response.
- Neutral stimulus (e.g., sound) becomes sufficient to produce a behavior (e.g., salivation) after association with an unconditioned stimulus (e.g., food).
Benefits of Conditioning
- Conditioning allows organisms to predict outcomes, aiding in survival and decision-making.
- Example: An animal learns to avoid food that previously made it sick.
The Little Albert Experiment
- Conducted by behaviorist John B. Watson and Ivan Pavlov, focused on emotional conditioning in a child.
- Little Albert, a 9-month-old, showed no fear of animals but learned to fear a white rat paired with a loud noise.
- Neutral stimulus: white rat; unconditioned stimulus: loud noise; unconditioned response: fear; conditioned response: fear.
Principles of Classical Conditioning
- Acquisition: Initial learning stage when a response is established. For instance, a dog salivates to a bell once food is paired sufficiently.
- Extinction: Occurs when the conditioned response diminishes after the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus.
- Spontaneous Recovery: Reappearance of a conditioned response after a rest period, even when the association has been weakened.
- Stimulus Generalization: Conditioned response is elicited by stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus.
- Discrimination: Ability to differentiate between the conditioned stimulus and other non-associated stimuli.
Everyday Applications of Classical Conditioning
- Many behaviors and emotional responses are shaped by classical conditioning, influencing reactions to specific smells, sounds, or dates.
- Examples include personal associations triggered by scents, music, or seasonal events.
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