Psychology Claims and Validity Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What are the three types of claims identified by Dr. Morling in psychology?

Frequency, Association, Causal

What is a frequency claim?

Describe a particular rate or level of something (e.g., more than 2 million US youths depressed).

What does an association claim indicate?

One level of a variable is likely to be associated with a particular level of another variable.

What is a causal claim?

One level of a variable is responsible for the change in the level of another variable. Signup and view all the answers

What are the four types of validity?

Construct, Statistical, Internal, External Signup and view all the answers

What is construct validity?

How well the independent and dependent variables represent the constructs they were intended to measure. Signup and view all the answers

What does statistical validity refer to?

The degree to which the researcher has come to the correct conclusion about the relation among the variables in the study. Signup and view all the answers

What is internal validity?

Confidence in inferring a causal relationship among variables while simultaneously getting rid of alternative hypotheses. Signup and view all the answers

What is external validity?

Ability to generalize findings across people, treatments, and outcomes. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three rules for establishing causation according to Morling?

Covariance, Temporal precedence, Internal validity. Signup and view all the answers

Match the claims with their validities according to Morling:

Frequency claims = Construct, Statistical, External Association claims = Construct, Statistical, External validity Causal claims = All four: Construct, Statistical, Internal, External Signup and view all the answers

How do you evaluate a frequency claim?

Construct validity, Statistical validity, External validity. Signup and view all the answers

How do you evaluate an association claim?

Construct validity, Statistical validity, External validity. Signup and view all the answers

How do you evaluate a causal claim?

Construct validity, Statistical validity, Internal validity, External validity. Signup and view all the answers

What are some threats to statistical conclusion validity?

Low statistical power; violated assumptions of statistical tests; 'fishing' and error rate problems. Signup and view all the answers

What are some threats to internal validity?

Timing of IV in relation to DV; selection; history; maturation; regression. Signup and view all the answers

What are some threats to construct validity?

Inadequate definition of constructs; mono-operation bias; treatment hypothesis guessing. Signup and view all the answers

What are some threats to external validity?

Context-dependent mediation; interaction of causal relationship with treatment variations. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Claims in Psychology

Three claims identified: Frequency, Association, Causal
Frequency claim example: Over 2 million US youths experience depression.
Association claim example: Link between belly fat and dementia.
Causal claim example: Debt stress linked to health problems.

Validity Types

Four types of validity: Construct, Statistical, Internal, External.
Construct validity involves the accurate measurement of independent and dependent variables.
Statistical validity assesses the correctness of conclusions regarding variable relations.
Internal validity ensures causal inferences are valid while ruling out alternatives.
External validity relates to the generalizability of findings across different contexts.

Establishing Causation

Three rules for causation: Covariance, Temporal precedence, Internal validity.
Covariance indicates a correlation between two variables; temporal precedence refers to the cause preceding the effect.

Validities and Claims Connection

Frequency claims relate to construct, statistical validity, and external validity.
Association claims are tied to construct, statistical, and external validity.
Causal claims encompass all four aspects: construct, statistical, internal, and external validity.

Evaluating Claims

Frequency claims evaluation:
- Construct validity focuses on measure operationalization.
- Statistical validity looks at margin of error.
- External validity considers generalizability to populations.
Association claims evaluation:
- Construct validity reviews measurement of both variables.
- Statistical validity examines significance and effect size.
- External validity analyses applicability across contexts.
Causal claims evaluation:
- Construct validity checks manipulation of variables.
- Statistical validity assesses error types and effect size.
- Internal validity confirms study design is experimental and controls for variables.
- External validity critiques sample representativeness.

Threats to Validity

Threats to statistical conclusion validity include low power, assumption violations, reliability issues, and variance.
Internal validity threats arise from timing, selection, history, maturation, regression, attrition, testing, and instrumentation issues.
Construct validity threats include inadequate definitions, bias types, and experimenter effects.
External validity threats consist of context-dependent mediation and variations across treatments, individuals, and settings.

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Description

This quiz focuses on Dr. Morling's chapter that discusses the three types of claims made in psychology: frequency, association, and causal claims. Each card explores definitions and examples that clarify these concepts. Perfect for those studying psychological research methodologies.