Psychology Chapter: Stress and Pain Responses

<p>Promotion of chronic, recurrent pain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intensification of physiologic stress responses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive reappraisal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Development of a heightened stress perception (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Central pain signals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Descending and Ascending (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cortex and Amygdala (A), Midbrain and Brainstem (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To suppress sensory experience (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>H.K. Beecher (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serotonin (5-HT) (A), Dopamine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To bring attention to important matters (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To initiate the release of modulators (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anandamide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>GABA and glycine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mood states and traumatic history (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It elicits a secretion of catecholamines and enhances pain perception. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It mobilizes glucose reserves and modulates inflammation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Altered neuron health and function (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic pain or other pathological sensations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It depletes serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine volumes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Depression depletes neurochemicals essential for pain modulation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can render central modulation less effective. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It enhances pain perception and increases suffering. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They enhance central modulation to suppress symptoms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Somatization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can produce effects by modulating pain sensation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They enhance symptoms unlike placebo effects. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epinephrine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It likely incorporates placebo components via the therapeutic relationship. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Facial nerve paralysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperesthesia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pain management may include a combination of medications and therapies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Severe headaches (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It decreases the gating of nociceptive input. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased electrical activity in the spinal cord. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regular exercise (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lowered threshold for firing of A delta fibers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Absence of any sensation from stimuli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypaesthesia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exaggerated sensation in response to stimuli (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abnormal sensations like 'pins and needles' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Painful abnormal sensations from innocuous stimuli (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pain from a stimulus that would not normally cause pain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced blood flow to a nerve (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dysaesthesia is a painful type of paraesthesia. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process by which the brain regulates and modifies sensory input, particularly pain signals.

A type of central modulation that originates in the brain and travels down to the spinal cord.

The phenomenon of significantly reduced pain perception, often observed in situations of intense focus or stress.

The group of brain regions that play key roles in modulating pain signals, including the cortex, thalamus, insula, amygdala, and hypothalamus.

The brain's natural pain relievers, similar to morphine or heroin.

A neurotransmitter involved in central modulation, known for its role in reward and motivation.

A midbrain region that plays a crucial role in descending pain modulation.

Neurotransmitters released from brainstem zones like the raphe nuclei that modulate pain signals in the spinal cord.

A condition where the central nervous system (CNS) becomes hypersensitive to pain signals, leading to amplified pain perception.

The initial nerve pathway carrying pain signals from the body to the spinal cord.

The nerve pathway that transmits pain signals from the spinal cord to the brain.

The area in the spinal cord where 1° neurons synapse with 2° neurons.

The normal process of pain perception where pain signals are correctly interpreted by the brain.

Negative thoughts and beliefs about pain that worsen its experience.

The stress hormone released in response to perceived threats, which can contribute to chronic pain.

Strategies used to manage stress and reduce its impact on pain.

Absence of any sensation. The stimulus does not produce any of the expected sensation. Anaesthesia can also be induced, for example by using a nerve-blocking agent in dental work.

Diminished sensation; the experience matches the nature of the stimulus, but is less strong than expected. Hypaesthesia is colloquially referred to as numbness.

Heightened or exaggerated sensation; the experience accurately matches the stimulus, but produces an exaggerated or unexpectedly strong response.

Abnormal sensations, e.g., ‘pins and needles’, ‘prickling’, ‘bugs crawling on skin’ – the sensation experienced does not correlate with the stimulus.

When a paraesthesic sensation is painful, it is called dysaesthesia, e.g.‘hot pokers’, ‘electric burning’ or ‘feels like it’s on fire’;

Instead of the expected sensation, an innocuous stimulus (e.g. like a feather touch) results in pain, typically a “regular” sort of pain experience, e.g., achy or sharp.

Endorphins and enkephalins directly inhibit the transmission of pain signals at the synapses between C and A-δ fibers and secondary spinothalamic tract neurons. They achieve this by 'closing the gate' by activating local inhibitory neurons that release GABA and glycine.

Central modulation mechanisms can be disrupted by various traumatic or pathological conditions, leading to aberrant nociception, altered CNS analysis, or a failure of central modulation, resulting in chronic pain.

The central modulation system's ability to regulate pain perception is heavily influenced by mood states, traumatic experiences, and chronic pain. These factors can alter the system's effectiveness.

Anxiety, fear, stress, and distress can enhance pain perception and increase pain suffering. This is because anxiety promotes the activation of the sympathetic nervous system, which releases stress hormones like cortisol and adrenaline.

A condition where the body's pain signaling pathways become sensitized, leading to persistent and often severe pain that's not related to tissue damage.

The sympathetic nervous system's activation during anxiety releases stress hormones such as cortisol and adrenaline, which enhance pain perception and distress. This ultimately reduces the effectiveness of central modulation.

A nerve fiber responsible for transmitting sharp, localized pain.

Cortisol plays a crucial role in the body's stress response by mobilizing energy reserves and modulating inflammation. It can also contribute to the consolidation of fear-based memories, potentially exacerbating pain perception.

Dysfunctional stress, especially when it becomes entrenched or accompanied by an anxiety disorder, can significantly compromise central modulation, making pain perception more intense and difficult to manage.

A nerve fiber responsible for transmitting dull, aching pain.

Central modulation is a complex process involving multiple neural pathways and neurochemicals. When disrupted, it can lead to various pain conditions, highlighting the need for a comprehensive understanding of its mechanisms.

The increased sensitivity of nerve fibers, leading to exaggerated responses to stimuli.

The phenomenon where nerve fibers can activate each other, contributing to the amplification of pain signals.

This refers to the central nervous system's inability to effectively regulate pain signals, leading to chronic pain.

The expansion of nerve fiber branches within the spinal cord, further contributing to the amplification of pain signals.

A condition where mental or emotional distress is expressed as physical symptoms.

The interconnectedness of anxiety, central sensitization, and depression, often co-occurring in individuals.

A phenomenon where negative expectations or beliefs can trigger or worsen symptoms.

The ability of the body to heal and restore itself through positive expectations and beliefs.

Any factor or condition that disrupts the normal functioning of the nervous system, contributing to pain perception difficulties.

Neurotransmitters involved in regulating mood, pain, and descending modulation.