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Questions and Answers
What process involves detecting physical energy from the environment and converting it into neural signals?
What process involves detecting physical energy from the environment and converting it into neural signals?
Which of the following terms describes the selection, organization, and interpretation of sensory information?
Which of the following terms describes the selection, organization, and interpretation of sensory information?
What term refers to the study of the relationship between the physical characteristics of stimuli and our psychological experience?
What term refers to the study of the relationship between the physical characteristics of stimuli and our psychological experience?
Which sense organ is responsible for transducing light into radiant energy?
Which sense organ is responsible for transducing light into radiant energy?
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What type of energy is associated with the sensation of sound?
What type of energy is associated with the sensation of sound?
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What is anatomical coding used for in sensation?
What is anatomical coding used for in sensation?
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Which of the following best defines sensation?
Which of the following best defines sensation?
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What type of energy is used by the skin to encode sensations like touch and temperature?
What type of energy is used by the skin to encode sensations like touch and temperature?
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What is the primary function of the retina in the eye?
What is the primary function of the retina in the eye?
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Which part of the eye is known as the tough white coating?
Which part of the eye is known as the tough white coating?
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What connects the optic nerves to the visual cortex?
What connects the optic nerves to the visual cortex?
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What is meant by parallel processing in visual information processing?
What is meant by parallel processing in visual information processing?
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What occurs in the brain when individuals look at different objects such as shoes or faces?
What occurs in the brain when individuals look at different objects such as shoes or faces?
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What is the term for the smallest difference between two similar stimuli that can be distinguished?
What is the term for the smallest difference between two similar stimuli that can be distinguished?
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According to Weber's Law, two stimuli must differ by what to be perceived as different?
According to Weber's Law, two stimuli must differ by what to be perceived as different?
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What type of threshold is defined as the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time?
What type of threshold is defined as the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time?
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Which processing approach begins with sensory input and builds up to interpretation in the brain?
Which processing approach begins with sensory input and builds up to interpretation in the brain?
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What happens when stimuli are below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness?
What happens when stimuli are below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness?
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Which factor does NOT affect the Just Noticeable Difference?
Which factor does NOT affect the Just Noticeable Difference?
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What does Signal Detection Theory primarily focus on?
What does Signal Detection Theory primarily focus on?
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What phenomenon describes processing that is influenced by prior knowledge and expectations?
What phenomenon describes processing that is influenced by prior knowledge and expectations?
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What phenomenon describes the decreased sensitivity to a constant stimulus over time?
What phenomenon describes the decreased sensitivity to a constant stimulus over time?
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What determines the hue of light?
What determines the hue of light?
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What role does the lens of the eye play?
What role does the lens of the eye play?
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Which part of the eye regulates the amount of light entering?
Which part of the eye regulates the amount of light entering?
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How is intensity related to perceived brightness?
How is intensity related to perceived brightness?
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Which of these wavelengths corresponds to red light?
Which of these wavelengths corresponds to red light?
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What is the primary function of the cornea?
What is the primary function of the cornea?
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What is the relationship between wavelength and color perception?
What is the relationship between wavelength and color perception?
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What type of eye movement involves keeping a moving image on the foveas?
What type of eye movement involves keeping a moving image on the foveas?
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Which characteristic is associated with the physical dimension of brightness?
Which characteristic is associated with the physical dimension of brightness?
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What is the main genetic disorder related to color blindness regarding red and green colors?
What is the main genetic disorder related to color blindness regarding red and green colors?
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Which term best describes the cooperative movements of the eyes?
Which term best describes the cooperative movements of the eyes?
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Which type of cone is absent in individuals with Tritanopia?
Which type of cone is absent in individuals with Tritanopia?
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What does the term 'saturation' refer to in the context of color vision?
What does the term 'saturation' refer to in the context of color vision?
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Which movement is characterized by rapid scanning of a visual scene?
Which movement is characterized by rapid scanning of a visual scene?
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What visual perception theory is supported by the genetic disorder causing red-green color blindness?
What visual perception theory is supported by the genetic disorder causing red-green color blindness?
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Study Notes
Sensation
- Sensation is the process of detecting physical energy from the environment and converting it into neural signals.
- Perception is the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensations.
Sensory Processing
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Transduction: Converting physical energy into neural signals.
- Different sense organs detect different types of stimuli (e.g. light, sound, taste).
- Each stimuli are converted into specific neural energy.
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Sensory coding: Representing characteristics of a stimulus.
- Anatomical coding: Identifies location and type of sensory stimulus from which nerve fibers are activated
- Encoding stimuli in terms of which nerve fibers are firing.
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Psychophysics: Study of the relationship between stimuli and sensations.
- Measuring the relationship between physical and psychological events
- Helps to define how much stimulation is needed for detection
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Absolute threshold: Minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time.
- Examples include a candle flame seen from 30 miles away, the tick of a watch at 20 feet, a drop of perfume in a 6 room apartment .
- Minimum amount of a stimuli to notice or detect.
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Just noticeable difference (JND): The smallest difference between two similar stimuli that can be distinguished.
- Examples include difference in pressure, color, and loudness.
- Minimum amount of stimuli needed for detection.
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Signal detection theory (SDT): Detecting stimuli amid background noise.
- The study of detecting signals in noise.
- SDT takes into account the person's sensitivity and criteria when looking for stimuli.
Bottom-up and Top-down Processing
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Bottom-up processing: Analysis that begins with stimulus sensory receptors and works up to higher levels of processing in the brain.
- Perception begins with the sensory input from the external environment.
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Top-down processing: Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes as we construct perceptions, drawing on our experience and expectations.
- Perception influenced by prior experience and knowledge.
The Eye
- Parts of the eye:
- Cornea: Transparent tissue where light enters the eye.
- Iris: Muscle that expands/contracts to change pupil size.
- Pupil: Opening in the iris that regulates light.
- Lens: Focuses light rays onto the retina.
- Retina: Contains sensory receptors (cones and rods).
- Sclera: White outer layer.
- Nearsightedness: Eye is too long, image focused in front of fovea
- Farsightedness: Eye is too short, image focused behind fovea.
Photoreceptors
- Rods: Sensitive to dim light, not color.
- Cones: Sensitive to color, not dim light.
- Photopigments: Chemicals within photoreceptors that respond to light.
Visual Information Processing
- Parallel processing: Processing several aspects of a stimulus simultaneously.
- Shape detection: Specific areas of the temporal lobe fire when seeing specific shapes, like faces, houses, chairs.
Colour Vision
- Hue: Dimension determined by wavelength of light.
- Brightness: Dimension determined by intensity.
- Saturation: Intensity of a dominant wavelength relative to the total amount of light.
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Colour Mixing: How colours are mixed to create new ones.
- Additive and Subtractive colour mixing.
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Colour blindness: Defect in colour vision, including protanopia, deuteranopia, and tritanopia issues.
- Different types of colour blindness affect the perceivable colours.
Eye Movements
- Vergence movements: Cooperative movements of the eyes.
- Saccadic movements: Rapid movements used scanning.
- Pursuit movements: Movements made to keep a moving object on the fovea.
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Description
This quiz focuses on the concepts of sensation and perception, detailing how physical energy is detected and converted into neural signals. It explores key topics such as transduction, sensory processing, and psychophysics. Test your understanding of how we perceive the world around us.
