Psychology Chapter on Thinking and Problem Solving
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Questions and Answers

What is functional fixedness in problem solving?

  • The tendency to rely on past problem-solving patterns
  • The ability to generate creative solutions without limitation
  • The practice of confirming existing beliefs with evidence
  • The inability to see objects as having multiple uses (correct)
  • Which type of thinking involves generating multiple possible solutions from a single starting point?

  • Convergent thinking
  • Critical thinking
  • Logical reasoning
  • Divergent thinking (correct)
  • What does confirmation bias lead individuals to do when faced with evidence?

  • Only consider evidence that fits their existing beliefs (correct)
  • Evaluate evidence objectively without bias
  • Ignore all available evidence
  • Seek evidence that contradicts their beliefs
  • According to Gardner, which type of intelligence is displayed when someone excels in just one particular area?

    <p>Specific intelligence (s factor)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of Sternberg’s triarchic theory focuses on the ability to solve new problems and come up with innovative solutions?

    <p>Creative intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the concept of intelligence relate to learning from experiences?

    <p>It encompasses the ability to adapt and use knowledge effectively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does analytical intelligence involve according to Sternberg's triarchic theory?

    <p>Ability to break problems down into components for analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best represents a barrier to problem solving caused by previous successful strategies?

    <p>Mental set</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Terman's longitudinal study?

    <p>The experiences of gifted children into adulthood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated heritability of IQ?

    <p>0.50</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the basic units of sound in a language?

    <p>Phonemes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Flynn effect describe?

    <p>The increase of IQ scores over time in modernized countries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of language involves the social niceties of communication?

    <p>Pragmatics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the linguistic relativity hypothesis, what controls thought processes?

    <p>Language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are morphemes in the context of language?

    <p>Smallest units of meaning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'stereotype threat' refer to?

    <p>The risk of confirming negative stereotypes about one's group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a component of emotional intelligence?

    <p>Self-motivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is semantics in language studies?

    <p>Rules for determining the meaning of words and sentences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of cognition?

    <p>Mental activity that involves processing information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are formal concepts defined?

    <p>By specific rules or features.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a prototype?

    <p>A representation of a concept that closely matches its defining traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which problem-solving method involves trying multiple solutions until one is successful?

    <p>Trial and error.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a heuristic?

    <p>To help narrow down possible solutions based on prior experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method involves breaking down a goal into smaller subgoals?

    <p>Working backward from the goal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes an insight moment in problem solving?

    <p>An immediate perception of the solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the aim of decision-making in problem-solving?

    <p>To identify, evaluate, and choose between alternatives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of an intelligence quotient (IQ) score?

    <p>To represent a measure of intelligence through mental age and chronological age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect does 'reliability' refer to in the context of IQ tests?

    <p>The tendency of a test to yield consistent scores over multiple administrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines 'validity' in IQ tests?

    <p>The degree to which the test measures what it is intended to measure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean when an IQ test is said to 'normalize' scores?

    <p>It distributes scores so that they fit a normal distribution curve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is indicative of an intellectual disability?

    <p>A significant deficit in adaptive behavior alongside an IQ below 70</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is NOT considered a possible cause of developmental delay?

    <p>Heightened intelligence in parents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the population is typically classified as 'gifted' based on IQ scores?

    <p>2 percent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes 'practical intelligence'?

    <p>The capacity to navigate everyday life effectively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the aim of 'standardization' when developing IQ tests?

    <p>To administer the test to a representative sample of the population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might IQ tests face criticism regarding cultural bias?

    <p>They often favor individuals with higher socioeconomic status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Thinking and Mental Images

    • Thinking is a mental activity of processing information in the brain.
    • Processing includes organizing, understanding and communicating information.
    • Mental images are representations of objects or events with a picture-like quality.

    Concepts

    • Concepts are ideas representing categories of objects, events, or activities.
    • Formal concepts are defined by specific rules or features.
    • Natural concepts are formed from real-world experiences.
    • A prototype is a concept that closely matches the characteristics of that concept.

    Problem Solving

    • Problem solving is the process of reaching a goal through thinking and actions.
    • Decision making involves evaluating alternatives and choosing one.
    • Trial and error is a method where solutions are tried until a successful one is found.
    • Algorithms are step-by-step procedures that guarantee a correct solution if one exists.
    • Heuristics are educated guesses based on prior experiences to narrow down solutions.

    Problem Solving Barriers

    • Functional fixedness limits thinking about objects only in terms of their typical uses.
    • Mental set is the tendency to persist in using problem-solving patterns that worked in the past.
    • Confirmation bias is the tendency to only search for evidence that supports one’s beliefs.

    Creativity

    • Creativity is combining ideas or behaviors in new ways to solve problems.
    • Convergent thinking aims for a single correct answer using logic and prior knowledge.
    • Divergent thinking generates many different ideas from a single point.

    Intelligence

    • Intelligence refers to learning from experiences, acquiring knowledge, and adapting to new situations.
    • Spearman's theory proposes a general intelligence factor ("g") and specific intelligence factors ("s").

    Gardner's Multiple Intelligences

    • Gardner's theory identifies different types of intelligence, including linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalist.

    Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

    • Sternberg's theory proposes three types of intelligence: analytical (problem-solving), creative (dealing with new information), and practical ("street smarts").

    IQ Tests

    • Intelligence quotient (IQ) is a measure of intelligence calculated by dividing mental age by chronological age and multiplying by 100.
    • Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales yield an IQ score, allowing for comparisons across age groups.
    • Wechsler Intelligence Tests provide verbal, performance, and overall intelligence scores.

    Development of IQ Tests

    • Reliability refers to how consistent test scores are when administered repeatedly to the same individuals.
    • Validity indicates how accurately a test measures what it is intended to measure.
    • Standardization involves administering a test to a large representative group to establish norms.
    • Cultural bias may occur in tests if they are not culturally appropriate for all individuals.
    • Cultural-free tests (CFIT) aim to minimize cultural bias.
    • IQ tests are generally valid predictors of academic success and job performance.

    Intellectual Disability

    • Intellectual disability (formerly mental retardation) is characterized by deficits in mental ability and adaptive behavior, with an IQ below 70.
    • Causes of intellectual disability include environmental deprivation, genetic disorders, and exposure to toxins.

    Giftedness

    • Giftedness refers to individuals with an IQ of 130 or above, representing the top 2% of the population.
    • Terman's longitudinal study showed that gifted children generally grow up to be successful adults.
    • Emotional intelligence involves being aware of and managing one's own emotions, self-motivation, empathy, and social skills.

    Heredity, Environment, and Intelligence

    • Intelligence is influenced by both heredity and environment.
    • Stronger correlations are found between IQ scores as genetic relatedness increases.
    • Heritability of IQ is estimated to be about 0.50.
    • The Flynn effect refers to the gradual increase in IQ scores over time in modernized countries.
    • The Bell Curve, a controversial book, argued that intelligence is largely determined by genetics.
    • Stereotype threat is the anxiety and fear of confirming negative stereotypes about one's group.

    Language

    • Language is a system for combining symbols to create meaningful statements for communication.
    • Grammar is the set of rules governing the structure and use of language.
    • Phonemes are the basic units of sound in a language.
    • Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning in a language.
    • Syntax is the system of rules for combining words and phrases into sentences.
    • Semantics determines the meaning of words and sentences.
    • Pragmatics involves the practical and social aspects of language use.

    Language and Cognition

    • The linguistic relativity hypothesis states that thought processes and concepts are influenced by language.
    • Cognitive universalism suggests that concepts are universal and influence language development.

    Animal Studies in Language

    • Studies have demonstrated that animals can develop a basic form of language, including simple abstract concepts.

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    Description

    Explore the fascinating concepts of thinking, mental images, and problem-solving strategies in this quiz. Learn about how we process information, use concepts, and apply different methods for decision making and solving problems. Test your understanding of these psychological principles!

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