Psychology Chapter on Temperament and Personality
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Questions and Answers

What percentage of personality stability is attributed to genetic factors?

  • 80-100%
  • 50-60%
  • 30-40%
  • 70-90% (correct)

    • Which of the following best describes the findings of Caspi & Herbener (1990) regarding married couples?

  • Couples with different personalities showed no rank-order stability.
  • All couples exhibited no personality stability over time.
  • Rank order stability was higher for couples with more similar personalities. (correct)
  • Couples' rank order was stable only in low similarity cases.

    • What is a significant finding related to environmental influences on personality stability?

  • Evidence for consistency in environmental influences is strong.
  • Environmental changes greatly impact personality stability.
  • Environmental factors completely determine personality traits.
  • Little evidence exists that environmental transitions impact personality stability. (correct)

    • According to Soto (2016), which of the following personality traits decreases from age 3 to 16?

    <p>Extraversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality trait is found to increase during adulthood according to Costa & McCrae (1994)?

    <p>Conscientiousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between personality and migration according to the findings?

    <p>Personality can predict migration behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does genetic relatedness account for in the context of personality traits?

    <p>A large part of test-retest reliability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the overall conclusion regarding genetic influences on personality from longitudinal twin studies?

    <p>Genetic factors provide a strong and stable foundation for personality differences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality traits showed an increase in a 10-year longitudinal study?

    <p>Assertiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the overall trend in personality change as suggested by the mean-level personality change findings?

    <p>Psychosocial Maturity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Roberts et al. (2006), which of the following personality traits showed an increase?

    <p>Agreeableness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do major life transitions play in personality change according to the proposed explanations of mean-level change?

    <p>They may trigger significant personality shifts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor was noted to potentially influence mean-level personality change due to genetic factors?

    <p>Genetic ‘switches’</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What positive outcome is linked with the trends in mean-level personality change?

    <p>Career Success</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is implied about the relationship between Openness and personality development after reproduction?

    <p>Openness becomes less essential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential source of mean-level personality change noted in the content?

    <p>World or historical events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major life transition is associated with increased participation in the workforce and higher agency in women according to Roberts (1997)?

    <p>Transition to work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Avison & Furnham (2015), which trait is higher in adults who desire children compared to voluntarily childless adults?

    <p>Extraversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Sheppington et al. (2017) find regarding mean-level personality changes in parents versus non-parents?

    <p>No significant mean-level change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor did Jean Twenge attribute to inflated self-esteem and egotism in Gen Xs and millennials?

    <p>Relative affluence and a culture of self-worth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What criticism was directed at Twenge's studies regarding cohort effects?

    <p>They had sampling issues and over-estimated effect sizes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary finding of the large-scale study by Trzesniewski & Donnellan (2010) regarding self-esteem and egotism from 1970-2006?

    <p>Moderate increases in educational aspirations were observed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What personality trait showed a significant difference between individuals who had children and those who did not, according to research findings?

    <p>Extraversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential explanation is given for the changes in personality observed during major life transitions?

    <p>Environmental selection effects influencing traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the significant findings regarding personality change linked to therapy?

    <p>Lasting changes can occur after pursuing various life experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does individual personality change typically manifest?

    <p>Via both socialization and selection effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality traits are affected via counter-dispositional behavior according to Roberts et al. (2017)?

    <p>Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about the changes in personality traits?

    <p>All personality traits change at the same rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects the concept of rank-order stability of personality traits?

    <p>Rank-order stability increases with age.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of personality change is supported by Roberts et al. (2017)?

    <p>Identity can influence personality states and traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Little Six model is used to describe what aspect of personality?

    <p>The complexity of adult personality derived from childhood temperament.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important caveat mentioned regarding personality change and life events?

    <p>Causation cannot be directly established due to pre-existing differences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by the term 'orienting sensitivity' in relation to temperament?

    <p>Enjoyment of sensory experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Rothbart's Model, which trait is associated with conscientiousness?

    <p>Effortful control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which trait tends to emerge earlier in childhood according to the content?

    <p>Neuroticism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does rank-order stability reflect in personality assessments?

    <p>Consistency of an individual's trait relative to others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the reported test-retest correlation for Big Five traits in adulthood, according to Costa & McCrae?

    <p>~ 0.65</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the findings of Damian et al. (2019), what was the test-retest correlation for Big Five traits over 50 years?

    <p>0.30</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'mean-level stability' refer to in the context of temperament and personality?

    <p>Average trait level remains constant despite individual variations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the structural changes in temperament as it evolves into personality?

    <p>New temperament traits do not emerge in adulthood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Orienting Sensitivity

    • Orienting sensitivity refers to the enjoyment of sensory experiences.

    Temperament and Personality

    • Temperament traits are categorized as the "Little Six."
    • The "Little Six" is similar to the Big Five with an added dimension of activity.
    • Rothbart's model of temperament aligns with the "Little Six."
    • Surgency relates to Extraversion, effortful control relates to Conscientiousness, etc.

    Structural Changes in Temperament Over Time

    • Some temperament traits develop earlier than others.
    • Neuroticism emerges early, while Conscientiousness emerges later.
    • Activity merges with high Extraversion and low Conscientiousness.
    • Temperament becomes "psychologically elaborated" with age.

    Stability - Concepts and Types

    • There are three types of personality stability:
      • Rank-order stability: maintaining relative position in a trait distribution over time.
      • Mean-level stability: average trait scores remaining consistent across time.
      • Individual stability: an individual's score remaining consistent over time.

    Rank-Order Stability

    • Also known as test-retest reliability.
    • Moderate-high rank-order stability in adulthood.
    • Costa and McCrae found test-retest correlations of approximately 0.65 for the Big Five traits over 30 years.
    • Damian et al. found test-retest correlations of 0.30 for the Big Five over 50 years.
    • Genetic influences contribute to rank-order stability.

    Environmental Influences on Rank-Order Stability

    • Environments can channel personality traits.
    • Individuals with similar personalities may have higher rank-order stability.
    • Environments can be selected based on personality traits.
    • Assortative mating occurs when partners share similar personalities.
    • Personality can predict migration patterns.
    • Personality predicts vocational choices.

    Overall Picture of Rank-Order Stability

    • Genetic influences play a stronger role in personality stability than environmental influences.

    Mean-Level Change

    • Mean-level stability is the average score on a trait across a population over time.
    • The "Little Six" exhibits complex developmental patterns.
    • Extraversion, Agreeableness, Openness, and Activity decrease with age.
    • Conscientiousness decreases and then increases again with age.
    • Neuroticism increases and subsequently decreases with age.

    Mean-Level Change in Adult Personality

    • Costa and McCrae found that Openness, Extraversion, and Neuroticism decrease in adulthood.
    • Agreeableness and Conscientiousness increase with age.
    • Bleidorn et al. found increases in Agreeableness and Conscientiousness and decreases in Openness and Neuroticism over 10 years.

    Meta-Analysis of Mean-Level Change

    • Roberts et al. meta-analysis found that most traits demonstrate positive mean-level changes across the lifespan.

    Mean-Level Change - Psychosocial Maturity

    • Overall, mean-level change trends toward "psychosocial maturity."
    • This includes being more agreeable, responsible, confident, and experiencing less negative emotion.

    Influences on Mean-Level Change

    • Evolved maturation processes are one proposed explanation.
    • Major life transitions (e.g., parenthood, entering the workforce) contribute to mean-level change.
    • Cohort effects (e.g., historical events) may also influence mean-level change.

    Genetic Influences on Mean-Level Change

    • Twin studies suggest genetic influences on mean-level change.

    Environmental Influences on Mean-Level Change

    • Major life transitions, such as entering the workforce and parenthood, have been linked to personality change.
    • However, these transitions may also reflect environmental selection effects.

    Cohort Effects

    • Possible effects of broad historical and societal shifts on personality.
    • Twenge's generation me theory suggests that individuals from later generations have higher self-esteem and egotism.
    • Criticisms:
      • Sampling issues and overestimation of effect sizes.

    Evidence for Cohort Effects

    • Trzesniewski and Donnellan found no evidence for a significant increase in self-esteem or egotism in later generations.
    • Roberts et al. found evidence for decreased Neuroticism and increased Extraversion in later generations.

    Can Personality Change Be Chosen?

    • People can choose to change certain aspects of their personality.
    • Therapy can lead to significant personality change, even within 20 years.

    How Does Personality Change?

    • Personality change can occur through counter-dispositional behavior.
    • Goals can lead to desired personality states, resulting in trait change.
    • This mechanism seems to apply to Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.
    • Personality change can also occur through changing one's identity.
    • Goals can lead to trait change, resulting in desired personality states.

    Individual Change

    • Individual change in personality is observed throughout the lifespan.
    • Life events and experiences, such as transitioning to work, travel, and clinical interventions, can impact personality change.
    • Both socialisation effects (personality change following the event) and selection effects (personality change preceding the event) are observed.
    • Individuals can volitionally change their personality.
    • However, the causal relationships are difficult to establish.

    Overall Summary of Personality Change

    • Personality structure changes throughout childhood.
    • Childhood temperament becomes elaborated into adult personality.
    • Moderate-high rank-order stability is observed.
    • Genetic and environmental influences contribute to stability.
    • Mean-level change occurs across the lifespan toward psychosocial maturity.
    • Genetic influences and major life transitions play a role in mean-level change.
    • Evidence for cohort effects is mixed.
    • Individual personality change is well documented.
    • Individuals can choose to change certain personality traits.

    Conclusion

    • Personality is both stable and changeable.
    • Although changes occur throughout life, overall patterns are often stable.
    • Understanding the dynamic aspects of personality is essential for understanding human development and well-being.

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    Related Documents

    Personality Stability and Change Lecture Notes PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the concepts of temperament and personality, focusing on orienting sensitivity, the 'Little Six' traits, and the stability of personality over time. Understand how traits like neuroticism and conscientiousness develop and change as individuals age. Test your knowledge on Rothbart's model and the interaction between different temperament traits.

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