Psychology Chapter on Social Perception and Communication

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a strategy for improving human thinking?

  • Avoiding the use of statistics
  • Considering alternative viewpoints (correct)
  • Focusing on personal biases
  • Ignoring alternative viewpoints

What is the difference between upward and downward counterfactuals?

  • Upward and downward counterfactual thinking are the same process; they just apply to different situations.
  • Upward thinking is used in situations where the outcome is already negative, whereas downward counterfactual thinking is used when the outcome is positive.
  • Upward thinking is an approach that is employed more often than downward counterfactual thinking.
  • Upward thinking focuses on a positive outcome whereas downward thinking focuses on a negative outcome. (correct)

What is a major finding of the research on counterfactual thinking?

  • People are less likely to engage in counterfactual thinking when they are stressed.
  • People tend to compensate more for the family of a victim who died in extreme circumstances rather than those who died in seemingly 'less tragic' circumstances. (correct)
  • People are less likely to engage in downward counterfactual thinking than upward counterfactual thinking.
  • People are more likely to engage in counterfactual thinking when they are happy.

Which of the following is true about non-verbal communication?

<p>It is a reliable source to infer information about people's thoughts and feelings. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the passage, what is social perception?

<p>The study of how we form impressions of other people and make inferences about them. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'what is beautiful is good' stereotype?

<p>Individuals who are perceived as physically attractive are also assumed to be socially competent, successful, intelligent, and kind. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a study of political candidates by Ambady & Rosenthal (1990), what was the correlation between the perceived level of powerfulness and the election results?

<p>Candidates perceived as more powerful were more likely to win. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an implicit personality theory?

<p>A type of schema used to group various personality traits together. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common implicit personality theory associated with shyness?

<p>Shy individuals are less likely to be intelligent or successful. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the study described in the text, how did the implicit personality theory about self-esteem affect the perception of Alex, even when she exhibited warm and extraverted behaviors?

<p>Participants who read that Alex was low in self-esteem rated her lower in positive traits, even when she exhibited positive behaviors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided text, what did the researchers find about university students' implicit personality theories and condom use?

<p>University students were less likely to use condoms with partners they knew and liked. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements accurately describes the relationship between implicit personality theories and perceptions of individuals?

<p>Implicit personality theories can influence how people perceive individuals' personality traits and behaviors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of schema is an implicit personality theory?

<p>A mental representation of a category or concept. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the sociometer theory, how does self-esteem relate to social acceptance?

<p>Self-esteem acts as a gauge of how much we feel accepted or rejected by our social group. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common type of relationship comparison discussed in the text?

<p>Lateral comparison (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the impact of success and failure differ between collectivist and individualist cultures?

<p>Collectivist cultures prioritize avoiding failure, while individualist cultures focus on achieving success. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the social interactions of people with high self-esteem differ from those with low self-esteem, according to the text?

<p>People with high self-esteem tend to engage in more social interactions because they believe they are well-liked. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a cultural difference in non-verbal behaviour?

<p>Personal space preferences vary widely between cultures. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a gender difference in emotional expression?

<p>Women have a higher emotional intelligence overall than men. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the evolutionary basis of self-esteem?

<p>Self-esteem likely evolved as a mechanism to maintain social bonds and ensure survival in groups. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main takeaway of the 'Facial Feedback Hypothesis' as described in the text?

<p>Our brain interprets feedback from our facial muscles to help us understand our emotions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a situation that would likely lead to a downward social comparison?

<p>Witnessing a colleague struggling with a task you find relatively easy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the study described in the text, how did participants with low self-esteem differ in their willingness to join a group compared to those with high self-esteem?

<p>Participants with low self-esteem only joined the group after receiving positive feedback about themselves. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might wearing a face mask affect emotional communication?

<p>Masks can hinder the ability to read and understand emotions in others. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is NOT supported by the text regarding cultural differences in social comparison?

<p>Collectivist cultures prioritize achieving success over avoiding failure compared to individualist cultures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest is the primary reason why collectivist cultures might discourage the outward display of negative emotions?

<p>Openly displaying negative emotions can disrupt social harmony and group cohesion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The text provides an example of a cultural difference in the use of hand gestures. Which of the following is an accurate example mentioned in the text?

<p>The 'thumbs up' gesture can have different meanings in different cultures. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of 'emblems' as described in the text?

<p>They are nonverbal gestures with well-defined meanings within a specific culture. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between Botox injections and dermal fillers regarding emotional expression?

<p>Botox injections only affect the ability to express emotions, while dermal fillers do not. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a 'display rule' as presented in the text?

<p>It is considered socially acceptable for men to express anger more openly than women. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The text suggests that eye contact can have different interpretations depending on the culture. Which of the following statements accurately represents this cultural difference?

<p>Eye contact can be interpreted as both respectful and disrespectful depending on the culture. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is MOST LIKELY to be an affectively based attitude?

<p>A person's attitude toward donating to cancer research because they believe it helps others live longer. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the passage, which of the following is NOT an element of an attitude?

<p>Social Component (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the passage, which of the following topics is LEAST likely to be discussed at a dinner party because it often leads to affectively based attitudes?

<p>Favorite movies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the passage, what is the cognitive component of an attitude toward gun control?

<p>A belief that gun owners are more likely to harm themselves than others. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the study described in the passage, which message on the posters for donations on cancer research was designed to appeal to an affectively-based attitude?

<p>Help others live by donating to cancer research. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the biological value of facial expressions according to the Optic Needs Hypothesis?

<p>Facial expressions help us to enhance our vision and sensory perception depending on the emotion being experienced. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main takeaway from the study conducted by Ekman & Friesen (1971, 1972) with the Fore tribe of New Guinea?

<p>The Fore tribe was able to correctly match facial expressions with corresponding emotions in stories, supporting the universality hypothesis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following examples is NOT a form of non-verbal communication?

<p>Using figurative language to describe an experience. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of non-verbal communication, 'mirror neurons' are responsible for:

<p>Responding to and mimicking the actions and emotions of others. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following non-verbal cues can be interpreted as a power move?

<p>Keeping a firm handshake and being the first to disengage. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a critique of the universality hypothesis of facial expressions?

<p>Facial expressions are not universal and vary across cultures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main point of the Darwin's universality hypothesis?

<p>Facial expressions are a form of non-verbal communication that is shared by all human cultures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the provided information, what does the mention of 'women are especially likely to mimic others smiles' suggest?

<p>Women are more empathetic than men. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Belief in Free Will

The belief that individuals have control over their actions, leading to prosocial behavior and reduced cheating.

Counterfactual Thinking

Imagining alternative outcomes to past events, influencing emotional reactions and judgments.

Upward Counterfactuals

Imagining better outcomes can lead to feelings of regret, as exemplified by how silver medalists feel compared to bronze medalists.

Overconfidence Bias

The tendency to overestimate the accuracy of one’s judgments and beliefs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Social Perception

The study of how we form impressions and inferences about others, often occurring in less than 100 milliseconds.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Display Rules

Culturally determined rules about emotional expressions shown.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Emotional Gender Differences

Women excel at decoding both positive and negative emotions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

Facial muscles influence brain interpretation of emotions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Botox Effect on Emotions

Botox limits ability to express and decode emotions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Non-Verbal Behaviors

Cultural specifics dictate interpretations of non-verbal cues.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Eye Contact Variance

Eye contact is perceived differently across cultures.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cultural Personal Space

Personal space preferences differ by culture.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cultural Emblems

Gestures with specific meanings in certain cultures.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Thumbs Up Meaning

A thumbs up can mean different things in cultures.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Emotion Reading Masks

Wearing masks confuses emotional interpretation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Components of Attitudes

Attitudes consist of affective, cognitive, and behavioral components.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Affective Component

The emotional reaction towards an attitude object, such as feelings or emotions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cognitive Component

Thoughts and beliefs about the attitude object, shaping our opinions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Behavioural Component

Observable actions towards the attitude object, showing predisposition to act.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Affectively Based Attitudes

Attitudes formed primarily from emotions, often seen in sensitive topics.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Facial Expression

A key form of non-verbal communication revealing emotions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Non-verbal Communication

Communication without words, using body language and facial expressions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mirror Neurons

Neurons that activate when we perform an action and see others do the same.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Darwin's Universality Hypothesis

The idea that facial expressions of primary emotions are universal across humans.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Optic Needs Hypothesis

Facial expressions enhance visual acuity based on emotions like fear or disgust.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ekman & Friesen Study

Research showing that facial expressions correlate with emotions universally, demonstrated by a tribe in New Guinea.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cultural Variability in Emotions

The debate on whether facial expressions are perceived the same across cultures.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gestures

Movements of the body that communicate messages, often accompanying spoken language.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Implicit Personality Theory

A schema that groups personality traits together, influencing impressions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Attractiveness Bias

The tendency to attribute positive qualities to attractive individuals.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Judging Sexual Orientation

People can assess sexual orientation and social class from brief glances at faces.

Signup and view all the flashcards

First Impressions in Politics

Impressions of political candidates relate to their perceived power and warmth, correlating with election outcomes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Stereotyping Traits

Associating traits like 'shy' with notions of lower intelligence or success.

Signup and view all the flashcards

High Self-Esteem Associations

People often link high self-esteem with intelligence and emotional stability.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Research on Condom Use

University students used implicit theories to decide on safe sex based on their knowledge of the partner.

Signup and view all the flashcards

The Good and Bad Fill-ins

Positive or negative traits can overshadow actual behavior, as shown in studies with varied self-esteem descriptions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Social Comparison

Evaluating oneself in relation to others, influencing feelings of happiness or distress.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Upward Comparison

Comparing oneself to someone better off, can inspire or cause distress.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Downward Comparison

Comparing oneself to someone worse off, often boosts self-esteem.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Collectivist Culture

A culture that emphasizes group goals and personal relationships over individual success.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Individualist Culture

A culture that focuses on personal achievement and independence.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sociometer Theory

A theory stating self-esteem reflects the degree to which others accept or reject us.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

The phenomenon where believing you are liked increases social engagement and warmth.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Self-Affirmation Effect

The improvement in self-esteem when reflecting on personal values and strengths.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Social Psychology Midterm 1 Notes

  • Social psychology is a scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and actions are influenced by the real or imagined presence of others.

  • It studies the impact of personal and situational influences on the ABC triad (affect, behavior, cognition).

  • Social psychology uses the scientific method, testing assumptions and guesses empirically and systematically.

  • Social psychology focuses on how individuals interact within social situations whereas sociology examines broader societal factors.

  • Personality psychology focuses on individual differences.

  • Social psychology studies the power of situation in influencing behavior, for example, how the name of a game ("Wall Street Game" vs. "Community Game") impacts cooperation.

  • Fundamental attribution error explains the tendency to overestimate the role of personal factors and underestimate situational factors when explaining others' behavior.

  • Behaviorism emphasizes reinforcement in shaping behavior whereas Gestalt psychology focuses on perception, how people interpret and perceive social situations

  • Construals are how individuals interpret and perceive social situations.

  • Schemas (mental structures for organizing social information) influence how people perceive and remember information.

  • Accessibility is the extent to which schemas are available to use when making judgments.

  • Schemas can be accessible due to past experience, recent experiences, and a person's goals.

  • Cultural differences influence how people interpret and perceive social situations.

  • Analytic thinking (focusing on objects) is common in Western cultures while Holistic thinking (focusing on context) is more common in Eastern cultures

  • Heuristics are mental shortcuts used to make quick decisions (availability and representativeness heuristics).

  • Availability heuristic: judging based on ease of recall of examples.

  • Representativeness heuristic: judging based on similarity to a typical case.

  • Implicit personality theories: schemas about how personality traits fit together.

  • Example : "beautiful people are also kind"

  • Self-serving bias is the tendency to take credit for success and blame external factors for failure.

  • Defensive attributions explain our behavior to avoid vulnerabilities and feelings about our morality.

  • Unrealistic optimism is the belief that desirable outcomes are more likely and undesirable outcomes are less likely for oneself.

  • Cultural norms influence the expression and interpretation of emotions and non-verbal communication (e.g., personal space, eye contact).

  • Self-perception theory describes how we infer our feelings by observing our behaviors.

  • Implicit personality theories: schemas about how personality traits fit together. Example: "beautiful people are also kind"

  • Attitudes consist of affective (emotional), behavioral, and cognitive (beliefs) components.

  • Attitudes predict behavior but there are intervening factors (e.g. perceived behavioral control)

  • Yale attitude change approach discusses factors like the source (who), message (what), and audience (whom) and how these affect persuasion.

  • The elaboration likelihood model suggests two routes to persuasion: a central route (logic) and a peripheral route (emotion).

  • Explicit attitudes are conscious and easily reported whereas implicit attitudes are involuntary.

  • Implicit Association Test (IAT) measures implicit attitudes, which may differ from reported attitudes.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

PSYC 2021 Midterm 1 Notes PDF

More Like This

Social Perception and Naïve Psychology
8 questions

Social Perception and Naïve Psychology

GoldenMoonstone avatar
GoldenMoonstone
Social Perception Quiz
5 questions

Social Perception Quiz

WellInformedJadeite7819 avatar
WellInformedJadeite7819
Social Perception and Attribution
25 questions

Social Perception and Attribution

SociableErhu avatar
SociableErhu
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser