Psychology Chapter on Sleep Disorders

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Questions and Answers

What is REM behavior disorder characterized by?

A complete lack of dream recall

The inability to fall asleep

Acting out contents of dreams (correct)

Excessive daytime sleepiness

What typically describes insomnia?

Excessive sleepiness during the day

Dream recall issues

Inability to fall asleep or remain asleep (correct)

Physical reactions to sleep disorder

What occurs during tolerance in drug use?

Increased sensitivity to a drug's effects

Improved physical health with continued use

The need for larger quantities to achieve the same effect (correct)

Immediate withdrawal symptoms after the first use

What is a common effect of withdrawal from depressants like alcohol?

Excessive brain activity leading to seizures Signup and view all the answers

Which type of insomnia is caused by neurophysiological abnormalities?

Idiopathic insomnia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of physical dependence on a drug?

Emotional instability Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about hypnagogic hallucinations is true?

They are often benign and harmless. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes parasomnias from dyssomnias?

Parasomnias involve abnormal behaviors during sleep. Signup and view all the answers

What are the defining features of an addiction?

Repetitive behavior and inability to abstain despite consequences Signup and view all the answers

How do depressants affect the nervous system?

They slow down the activity of the nervous system. Signup and view all the answers

What is a major risk associated with combining depressants?

Fatal level of nervous system inhibition Signup and view all the answers

What effect does alcohol have at low doses?

It dilutes blood vessels, providing a warm feeling. Signup and view all the answers

Why might early humans have used fermented beverages?

For safety against contaminated water. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does alcohol have at higher doses?

Inhibition of higher brain functions leading to aggression Signup and view all the answers

What role do barbiturates primarily serve today?

Prescribed primarily as anticonvulsants Signup and view all the answers

What was a reason for the decreased popularity of barbiturates?

The introduction of benzodiazepines with lower risk of toxicity. Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the understanding that others have mental states different from one's own?

Theory of Mind Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for processes that are inaccessible to our conscious awareness?

Nonconscious Signup and view all the answers

Which type of attention occurs when one is aware of one stimulus while ignoring others?

Selective attention Signup and view all the answers

What is it called when you fail to notice something unexpected because your attention is focused elsewhere?

Inattentional blindness Signup and view all the answers

Which process requires full awareness, alertness, and concentration?

Controlled processes Signup and view all the answers

In multitasking, what term describes activities that require little awareness and minimal attention?

Automatic processes Signup and view all the answers

What does change blindness refer to?

Failure to notice changes in a visual scene Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes biological feedback?

Information about biological processes to gain control Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential risk associated with the use of benzodiazepines?

They have the potential to create dependence. Signup and view all the answers

In which stage of motivational interviewing does an individual start actively making preparations to change?

Preparation Signup and view all the answers

According to the drive-reduction theory, what is the purpose of driving behavior?

To maintain homeostasis. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Yerkes-Dodson curve illustrate about performance and arousal?

Moderate arousal often leads to optimal performance. Signup and view all the answers

What best exemplifies a primary drive according to the drive-reduction theory?

The feeling of hunger when food is not present. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes instinct theory?

Certain behaviors are automatic and triggered by stimuli. Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the relapse stage of motivational interviewing?

They return to previous unhealthy behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

How does familiarity with a task influence the Yerkes-Dodson curve?

Higher arousal is optimal for easier tasks. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes uninvolved parenting?

Low support and low regulation Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of uninvolved parenting by 12th grade?

Higher rates of drinking and smoking Signup and view all the answers

What effect does authoritative parenting have compared to authoritarian parenting?

Lower internalizing problems Signup and view all the answers

Which stage follows immediately after the zygote stage in prenatal development?

Embryo Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic defines egocentrism in the preoperational stage of development?

Children believe the world revolves around them. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the process of conservation in children?

Understanding that two quantities can look different but still be equal. Signup and view all the answers

What is one major consequence related to maternal age and pregnancy?

Higher risk of mutation and genetic disorders Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Vygotsky’s theory in relation to child development?

The role of social interaction in cognitive development. Signup and view all the answers

Which substance is associated with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)?

Alcohol Signup and view all the answers

At what age does the frontal lobe take approximately until fully developed?

20-25 years Signup and view all the answers

Which attachment style is characterized by a child who is visibly distressed when a caregiver leaves and is not easily comforted upon their return?

Insecure-resistant attachment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a teratogen?

Caffeine Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of authoritative parenting?

High support with high regulation. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Harlow’s monkey experiment, what was demonstrated regarding attachment?

Emotional comfort is more significant than food. Signup and view all the answers

In the zone of proximal development, what is represented in the left circle?

What a child cannot do, even with help. Signup and view all the answers

Which attachment style involves children showing little interest when their caregiver leaves or returns?

Insecure-avoidant attachment Signup and view all the answers

What primary neurotransmitter is boosted by depressants?

GABA Signup and view all the answers

At high doses, what effect does alcohol primarily have on behavior?

Promotes aggression and risky behaviors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best explains why alcohol's status as a depressant might seem confusing during social gatherings?

It reduces behavioral inhibitions, making social interactions easier. Signup and view all the answers

What does Theory of Mind (ToM) enable individuals to do?

Interpret and predict the actions of others Signup and view all the answers

What are the common risks associated with combining barbiturates and alcohol?

Increased risk of fatal overdose Signup and view all the answers

Why did the popularity of barbiturates decrease when benzodiazepines were introduced?

Benzodiazepines have a lower risk of toxicity and dependence. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of attention involves focusing on one source of information while ignoring others?

Selective attention Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of alcohol consumption at very high doses?

Potential coma or death due to respiratory suppression Signup and view all the answers

What defines controlled processes in attention?

They require full awareness and concentration Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant characteristic of inattentional blindness?

Not noticing unexpected stimuli while focused elsewhere Signup and view all the answers

What historical role might alcohol have played for early humans beyond social enjoyment?

It acted as an antiseptic against contaminated water. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the main reason individuals might indulge in alcohol at social events despite its depressive qualities?

To escape from reality and reduce inhibitions Signup and view all the answers

How does experience affect multitasking abilities?

It contributes to the development of automaticity Signup and view all the answers

Which term is used to describe processes that are not accessible to conscious awareness?

Nonconscious Signup and view all the answers

What does change blindness illustrate regarding human perception?

Attention can restrict awareness of changes that occur Signup and view all the answers

In the context of states of consciousness, what is biofeedback primarily used for?

To gain control over biological processes Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant risk associated with uninvolved parenting styles?

Higher rates of substance abuse Signup and view all the answers

What can contribute to the occurrence of uninvolved parenting?

Parental illness or substance abuse Signup and view all the answers

Which stage follows the zygote stage in prenatal development?

Embryo Signup and view all the answers

What emotional response occurs first according to the Schachter-Singer theory?

Physical arousal Signup and view all the answers

What is the main consequence of maternal age on pregnancy?

Higher chances of genetic disorders Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a secure attachment in infants?

Use of caregiver as a base for exploration Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a known teratogen?

Aspirin Signup and view all the answers

Which stage in Piaget's theory focuses on object permanence?

Sensorimotor stage Signup and view all the answers

What major development occurs during the fetus stage of prenatal growth?

Development of fetal reflexes Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of emotional contagion?

Smiling because others around you are smiling Signup and view all the answers

At what age does the frontal lobe typically reach full development?

20-25 years Signup and view all the answers

What does the continuity approach in development emphasize?

Gradual learning through development Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to altering existing schemas to incorporate new information in Piaget’s theory?

Accommodation Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect describes insecure attachment in a child?

Being easily comforted by anyone Signup and view all the answers

What emotional expression is typically NOT considered a universal emotion?

Anxiety Signup and view all the answers

How does arousal typically affect performance on difficult tasks?

Lower levels of arousal enhance focus on the task. Signup and view all the answers

Which need should be met first according to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

Physiological needs. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the Self-Determination Theory?

It highlights the need for meeting internal motivations. Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT involved in the biological processes of emotions?

Hypothalamus. Signup and view all the answers

According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, how do we experience emotions?

Physical responses trigger emotions. Signup and view all the answers

What do emotions encourage us to do in response to rewards?

Persist in actions that lead to rewards. Signup and view all the answers

In the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, which statement best reflects its principle?

Physical response and emotional feeling occur simultaneously. Signup and view all the answers

What primarily drives extrinsic motivation?

Achieving an external goal or reward. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the authoritarian parenting style from the authoritative style?

Low support with high regulation Signup and view all the answers

What is a common outcome for children raised in authoritarian households?

More internalizing symptoms like depression Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following behaviors is often associated with indulgent or permissive parenting?

High levels of alcohol and cigarette use in children Signup and view all the answers

Cross-cultural research indicates that the impact of authoritarian parenting is viewed how across different cultures?

Similarly by children regardless of cultural background Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the indulgent parenting style?

Warm and loving demeanor but low regulation Signup and view all the answers

What behavioral trend is less common in children raised by authoritarian parents compared to those raised by authoritative parents?

Showing less rebelliousness Signup and view all the answers

Which parenting style is likely to lead to children who regularly receive little monitoring?

Indulgent Signup and view all the answers

What is an effect of high levels of regulation in authoritarian parenting?

Development of compliant and respectful children Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

States of Consciousness

Theory of Mind (ToM) is the ability to understand others have different thoughts, beliefs, and perspectives.
Consciousness is awareness of sensations (internal and external).
Nonconscious processes are inaccessible to awareness, controlling biological functions.
Biofeedback involves receiving information about biological processes to control them.
Preconscious thoughts are accessible but not currently in awareness.
Selective attention focuses on one stimulus while ignoring others.
Divided attention involves attending to multiple tasks simultaneously.
Automaticity improves multitasking ability.
Inattentional blindness is failing to notice unexpected stimuli while focused on other tasks.
Change blindness is failing to notice changes right in front of you while focusing.
Controlled processes require full awareness, affecting other tasks.
Automatic processes require minimal awareness and don't affect other tasks.
Altered states of consciousness differ from normal state (meditation, drugs, hypnosis, sleep deprivation.)

Sleep

Sleep is composed of five identifiable stages with varied levels of awareness and physiological arousal.
Circadian rhythms are regular biological cycles based on body temperature, alertness, hormones, and other biological processes impacting our sleep-wake cycles.

Sleep stages

Stage I is light sleep characterized by theta waves.
Stage II is characterized by sleep spindles (lasts 20 minutes).
Stages III and IV are slow-wave sleep with large delta waves, signifying deep sleep; growth hormone released during this stage.
REM (rapid eye movement) sleep is associated with dreaming.

Sleep Disorders

REM behavior disorder: acting out dreams while asleep.
Insomnia: difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep.
Hypersomnia: excessive sleepiness.
Parasomnias: unusual behaviors during sleep (sleepwalking, night terrors, bedwetting).
Rapid Eye Movement Disorder (REM): person acts out their dreams, potentially causing harm.

Drugs and Dependence

Agonists activate receptors.
Antagonists block receptor activation.
Tolerance decreases drug effect with continued use.
Withdrawal is the negative outcome from stopping drug use.
Addiction involves physical or psychological dependence on a substance or activity.

Motivation and Emotion

Motivational interviewing is a psychological intervention to help someone become motivated to change.
Drive-reduction theory proposes that our needs cause us to perform actions that satisfy those needs to achieve homeostasis.
Instinct theory suggests that behaviors are innate and unlearned, triggered by specific stimuli.
Maslow's hierarchy of needs prioritizes physiological needs before psychological needs.
Incentive theory focuses on external stimuli that motivate behavior to maximize pleasure and minimize pain.
Operant conditioning principles affect behaviors based on reward and punishment.
Self-determination theory proposes that humans inherently have a desire to be self-determined and autonomous.

Development

Continuity versus discontinuity approach: the former sees development as a gradual process, while the latter sees it as a series of distinct stages.
Cognitive development stages (Piaget): sensorimotor (birth-2 years), preoperational (2-7 years), concrete operational (7-11 years), formal operational (11+ years).
Attachment styles (e.g., secure, insecure-resistant, insecure-avoidant, disorganized).
Parenting styles (e.g., authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, uninvolved).
Harlow's monkey experiment studied attachments in infant rhesus monkeys.
Vygotsky's theory emphasizes the role of social interaction in cognitive development.
Piaget's stage theory describes development in distinct stages, impacting how children learn and interact with the world.
The Yerkes-Dodson law describes the relationship between arousal and performance: optimal performance occurs at moderate arousal levels.
Maslow's hierarchy of needs prioritizes psychological needs (safety, belonging, esteem) and self-actualization needs in motivation and development.
Incentive theory emphasizes external rewards and stimuli driving behaviors.
Operant conditioning influences behavior through rewards and punishments.

Emotion

Emotions are responses to rewards and punishments that accompany changes in thoughts, feelings, facial expressions, and physiology.
Emotions are universal and serve as communication tools.

Adolescent Development

Imaginary audience: the belief that other people are constantly attentive to one's appearance.
Personal fable: the belief that one's experiences and feelings are unique and exceptional.
Moral reasoning stages: preconventional, conventional, and postconventional.
Erikson's stages of psychosocial development (late adulthood).
Gender perspective (Gilligan).
Common adolescent development stages like imaginary audience and personal fable relate to how developing teenagers view themselves and their social world.

Studying That Suits You

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Description

Test your knowledge on sleep disorders, including REM behavior disorder and types of insomnia. This quiz covers topics such as drug tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, and the effects of depressants. Challenge yourself with questions related to mental states and addiction features.