Psychology Chapter on Schizophrenia

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Questions and Answers

What distinguishes delusions from self-deceptions regarding the acknowledgment of beliefs?

Individuals with delusions often view opposing arguments as conspiratorial. (correct)

Individuals with self-deceptions are more likely to ignore opposing facts.

Individuals with delusions acknowledge that their beliefs may be wrong.

Individuals with self-deceptions tend to resist arguments against their beliefs.

Which of the following is an example of a nihilistic delusion?

Believing that one is being monitored by technology.

Believing that a global catastrophe is imminent.

Believing that one has died. (correct)

Believing that one is in a romantic relationship with a celebrity.

How do delusions typically manifest differently across cultures?

They adapt based on modern technology and current events. (correct)

They only occur in developed nations.

They are fundamentally the same regardless of cultural context.

They exclusively reflect ancient cultural myths.

What is a key characteristic of hallucinations in individuals with schizophrenia compared to normal hallucinations?

They are more frequent, persistent, and complex. Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the treatment or management of hallucinations in normal individuals?

They can often be managed through lifestyle changes and self-care. Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario would a belief not be classified as a delusion?

When the belief is part of a culture's shared belief system. Signup and view all the answers

What is a component of the behavior exhibited by individuals with delusions?

They actively seek evidence to support their beliefs. Signup and view all the answers

What outcome criteria did patients rate MCT superior to in the initial study involving schizophrenics?

Boredom and enjoyment Signup and view all the answers

In the second study comparing MCT with an active control, what improvement was significantly higher in the MCT group?

Decrease in positive symptoms and JTC Signup and view all the answers

What does MCT+ specifically combine in its approach?

Cognitive biases with a CBT-oriented approach Signup and view all the answers

What finding contributed to the critical view of the hypofrontality model in schizophrenia?

Not all studies found evidence of hypofrontality Signup and view all the answers

What task does the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) measure, relevant to frontal lobe function?

Concept formation and cognitive flexibility Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is reported to have the highest effectiveness at reducing relapse rates for schizophrenia?

Family therapy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of assertive outreach in mental health services?

To build relationships with clients in their own environments Signup and view all the answers

What role do family therapies play in medication adherence for patients with schizophrenia?

They increase adherence to antipsychotic medications Signup and view all the answers

Which model do traditional healers use that focuses on the integration of different levels of experience?

Structural model Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason clozapine is often used after other atypical antipsychotics?

It has a high potential for inducing agranulocytosis. Signup and view all the answers

Which atypical antipsychotic showed the highest 6-month remission rate?

Olanzapine (Zyprexa) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key challenge faced by community care programs for individuals with schizophrenia?

Very few individuals receive such services. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is NOT typically included in the comprehensive services of assertive community treatment programs?

Crisis intervention Signup and view all the answers

What type of symptoms do many individuals with schizophrenia continue to experience despite medication?

Negative symptoms primarily. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common side effect associated with atypical antipsychotics?

Agranulocytosis Signup and view all the answers

The social support model used by traditional healers emphasizes which of the following approaches?

Mobilizing kin to support the patient Signup and view all the answers

In the context of family therapy, what behavioral technique is aimed at discouraging inappropriate behavior?

Reinforcement of positive behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological intervention can help reduce isolation and apathy in schizophrenia patients?

Social skills training Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of patients experienced remission during the study's 18-month period when using the atypical antipsychotics?

44.5% Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment method for schizophrenia is characterized by reliance on folk beliefs and community practices?

Folk/religious healing Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of assertive community treatment?

24-hour support for a variety of patient needs Signup and view all the answers

In addition to medication, what type of personalized treatments are mentioned for schizophrenia?

Behavioral, cognitive, and social deficit treatments Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a side effect of atypical antipsychotics mentioned in the content?

Hyperactivity Signup and view all the answers

What factor complicates determining the safest and most effective atypical antipsychotic?

The variability in patient responses and side effects. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key benefits of psychological interventions for individuals with schizophrenia?

They enhance social skills and reduce conflict. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of interventions aimed at reducing family expressed emotion for individuals with schizophrenia?

They lead to a significant decrease in the relapse rate. Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive bias may contribute to delusions in schizophrenia according to cognitive perspectives?

Jumping to conclusions based on limited evidence. Signup and view all the answers

How do negative symptoms in schizophrenia typically manifest according to expectations of social interactions?

By withdrawing to conserve cognitive resources. Signup and view all the answers

What does the orienting response indicate in healthy individuals when exposed to a novel stimulus?

Active processing of the stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

What impact does high distractibility have on the cognitive performance of individuals with schizophrenia?

They function better with distractions in non-relevant tasks. Signup and view all the answers

What common result of deficits in the orienting response correlates with symptoms in schizophrenia?

Association with both positive and negative symptoms. Signup and view all the answers

What may cause hallucinations in individuals with schizophrenia according to cognitive perspectives?

Hypersensitivity to external perceptual input. Signup and view all the answers

Which thought pattern is indicative of a failure in making relevant associations during conversations in schizophrenia?

Clanging associations. Signup and view all the answers

How does the negative priming effect manifest in non-clinical participants?

Increased reaction times for targets previously mentioned. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Introductory Chapters

Psychosis is the inability to differentiate between reality and unreality. Examples include hearing voices or believing thoughts are broadcast.
Schizophrenia is a type of psychotic disorder, characterized by disorganized thinking and impaired reality perception during active phases.
Lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia is 0.5-2% worldwide. Typical onset is during late adolescence or early adulthood.
Schizophrenia is a chronic condition often requiring ongoing support like residential care, rehabilitation, and financial aid.
Significant healthcare costs are associated with treating psychotic disorders, and substantial productivity losses occur. Countries spend up to 3% of their healthcare budgets addressing these issues.

Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Course of Schizophrenia

The DSM-5 classifies symptoms on a schizophrenia spectrum. The number, severity, and duration of these distinguishes different psychotic disorders.
Positive symptoms: These are excesses or distortions of normal function, including delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking (speech), and unusual motor behavior.
Delusions: False beliefs considered true, even in the face of evidence, differing from other self-deceptions in several crucial ways. For example, delusions are considered impossible, whereas self-deceptions are not always impossible.
Hallucinations: Unreal sensory experiences that often involve multiple senses, and are more frequent and persistent in schizophrenia than in healthy individuals.
Negative symptoms: Reduced or lost normal functions, including diminished emotional expression and avolition (lack of motivation). These symptoms are often more resistant to treatment.

Positive Symptoms (Detailed)

Delusions: false, fixed beliefs that defy reality.
Auditory, visual, tactile, somatic, olfactory, and gustatory hallucinations (unreal sensory experiences).
Disorganized thoughts/speech: Disordered and illogical connections between ideas.
Disorganized/abnormal motor behavior: Includes bizarre and agitated movements (catatonia).

Types of Delusions (Table 1)

Detailed descriptions of different types of delusions (e.g., persecutory, grandiose, referential, being controlled). Specific examples of the delusion are provided with each type.

Nihilistic and Erotomanic Delusions

Nihilistic: belief that parts of the self or world has ceased to exist.
Erotomanic: belief that another person desires/loves the individual.

Cultural Variations in Delusions

Delusions differ across cultures and even evolve with time within cultures.

Diagnostic Criteria (DSM)

Details of the specific DSM-5 criteria for Schizophrenia, Schizophreniform Disorder, Schizoaffective Disorder, and Brief Psychotic Disorder.

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Description

Explore the complexities of schizophrenia in this quiz based on the introductory chapters. Delve into its symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options, and the historical context of psychotic disorders. Test your understanding of this critical mental health topic.