Psychology Chapter on Reinforcers and Seizures
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Questions and Answers

What is a reset schedule?

A schedule of reinforcement in which the occurrence of the behavior causes the reinforcement timer to be reset.

Define autism.

A neurological disorder that affects a child's ability to communicate, understand language, play, and interact with others.

What diagnosis occurs when there have been 2 or more spontaneous seizures?

Epilepsy

What does FAPE stand for?

<p>Free and Appropriate Public Education</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is shaping?

<p>A procedure to teach new behaviors through reinforcing successive approximations of a desired target behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a discrete trial?

<p>A teaching format that has clearly discriminable steps: Stimulus, Response, Consequence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define intertrial interval.

<p>The period of time between the end of a teaching trial and the initiation of another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does chaining involve?

<p>Teaching a complete sequence of behaviors in a particular order.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is DRI?

<p>Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an Sd?

<p>Discriminative stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a reflecting statement?

<p>Paraphrasing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should a prompt do?

<p>It must be effective in evoking the correct response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an intermittent reinforcement schedule?

<p>A schedule of reinforcement under which some, but not all, occurrences of behavior are reinforced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is applied behavior analysis?

<p>The process of applying and evaluating the impact of behavioral procedures on socially important behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is IRT?

<p>Inner Response Time</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a post-reinforcement pause?

<p>A characteristic pause before the next step of responses is initiated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a fixed ratio reinforcement schedule deal with?

<p>Numbers of responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is assistive technology?

<p>Any service that directly assists a student with a disability in the assessment, selection, acquisition, or use of an assistive technology device.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does pairing primary and secondary reinforcement help with?

<p>It helps to motivate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a fixed interval reinforcement schedule?

<p>The target response is reinforced after a certain amount of time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the components of behavioral objectives?

<p>A: Identify the learner, B: Identify the target behavior, C: Identify the conditions, D: Identify the criteria for performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a time-out?

<p>Denying an individual access to positive reinforcement for a certain period of time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are primary reinforcers?

<p>Unconditional stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a complex partial seizure?

<p>Involves a loss of consciousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a simple partial seizure?

<p>Involves varied responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are secondary reinforcers?

<p>Conditioned and learned values</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a discrete trial?

<p>An approach focusing on one sub-skill at a time</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is functional equivalent behavior?

<p>An appropriate replacement behavior that accomplishes the same purpose as the problem behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of response (R)?

<p>It is a measurable observable behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'time out' refer to in a behavioral context?

<p>A punishment that denies an individual access to positive reinforcement for a certain period of time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does IDEA stand for?

<p>Individuals with Disabilities Education Act</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Variable Ratio (VR)?

<p>A reinforcement schedule based on a calculated average response rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by Non-Seclusionary?

<p>A time out procedure that manipulates the environment without isolating the child.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'seclusionary' mean in behavior management?

<p>Removing a person from an environment to isolate them from all reinforcers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of PBS (Positive Behavior Support)?

<p>To redesign environments for better behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of baseline data?

<p>Data collected before an intervention is implemented.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the meaning of extinction in behavioral terms?

<p>A decrease in behavior by withholding the reinforcer that maintains the problem behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by compliance training?

<p>When a student performs correctly but with variable performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Type I punishment involve?

<p>Contingent presentation of a stimulus or event</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 'negative reinforcement'?

<p>Removing a stimulus to increase behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'duration' refer to in behavioral measurement?

<p>The length of time an event occurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of task analytic recording?

<p>To record correct or incorrect performance of tasks broken down into steps.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does operational definition mean?

<p>Describing an observable and measurable behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is frequency events counting?

<p>Counting the number of times a behavior occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'recovery from punishment'?

<p>Behavior returning to previous levels after punishment stops</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Primary Reinforcers

  • Primary reinforcers are natural, unlearned stimuli such as food and liquids that strongly motivate behavior.

Complex and Simple Partial Seizures

  • Complex partial seizures can lead to altered consciousness, disorganized movements, and unawareness of the event.
  • Simple partial seizures maintain consciousness, allowing individuals to interact, but may trigger emotional or physical reactions.

Reinforcers

  • Secondary reinforcers (conditioned reinforcers) gain value through learning, examples include tokens and social praise.
  • Positive reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior by providing a desirable stimulus.

Discrete Trials

  • Discrete trials consist of four components: the discriminative stimulus (instruction), a prompt, the child's response, and the consequence.
  • Each trial should be clearly defined with distinct beginnings and ends, allowing for precise measurement.

Behavioral Replacement

  • Functionally equivalent behavior serves as a suitable replacement for a problematic behavior, meeting the same needs, such as attention or escape.

Time-Out Procedures

  • Time-out can be seclusionary (removal from an environment with no reinforcers) or non-seclusionary (removal from a group but maintaining observation).

Schedules of Reinforcement

  • Variable Ratio (VR) schedules produce high response rates, comparable to gambling, as reinforcement is based on an average number of responses.
  • Fixed Ratio (FR) schedules provide reinforcement after a set number of responses.

Chaining Techniques

  • Backward chaining teaches tasks starting with the last step moving backward toward the beginning, while forward chaining begins with the first step and progresses sequentially.
  • Global chaining can begin training at any point in a sequence.

Measurement Techniques

  • Whole interval recording notes behavior only if it occurs throughout the entire interval.
  • Partial interval recording marks behavior if it occurs at any time during the interval.
  • Momentary recording involves noting behavior at set intervals, checking if the behavior occurs at that moment.

Reliability and Variables

  • Inter-observer reliability assesses the accuracy of behavior recording by comparing two observers' data.
  • The dependent variable is the behavior targeted for change, while the independent variable represents the interventions applied.

Compliance and Performance Monitoring

  • Recovery from punishment describes behavior returning to baseline once aversive conditions are removed.
  • Continuous reinforcement rapidly builds behavior, while intermittent schedules maintain it over time.

Support Plans

  • PBS (Positive Behavior Support) focuses on improving communication and reducing problem behaviors through environmental redesign.
  • The IDEA mandates appropriate education for all children with disabilities in the least restrictive environment.

Disabilities and Learning Impacts

  • Developmental disabilities manifest before age 22, leading to significant limitations in daily functioning.
  • Autism is a neurological disorder affecting communication and social interaction, while epilepsy is diagnosed after two or more spontaneous seizures.

Data Collection

  • Baseline data is collected to establish performance before intervention, ideally over multiple sessions.
  • Probe data tests skills under specific conditions to monitor progress accurately.

Reinforcement Techniques

  • DRA (Differential Reinforcement of Alternative behaviors) encourages alternate behaviors while decreasing problematic actions.
  • DRI (Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible behavior) reinforces behaviors that cannot occur simultaneously with undesired behaviors.

Educational Frameworks

  • FAPE (Free Appropriate Public Education) is guaranteed to children with disabilities under IDEA, ensuring access to appropriate educational opportunities.
  • The Individualized Education Plan (IEP) and Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP) are tailored educational strategies for children based on their unique needs.### Reflecting Statement
  • Paraphrasing is a foundational technique in communication that captures the essence of the original statement.

Prompt

  • An effective prompt is crucial for eliciting the correct response from a child.
  • Prompts need to be faded if the child responds correctly or increased if the child struggles.
  • Timing of prompts should be precise, occurring just after the presentation of the discriminative stimulus.

Intermittent Reinforcement Schedule

  • This schedule reinforces some behaviors, not all, which helps in maintaining behaviors.
  • Types include fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, and variable interval.

Applied Behavior Analysis

  • The process focuses on applying behavioral procedures and evaluating their effects on socially significant behaviors.

Inner Response Time (IRT)

  • IRT refers to the duration between occurrences of a target behavior, calculated by dividing total time by the number of responses.

Post Reinforcement Pause

  • After receiving reinforcement, a characteristic pause before initiating the next response is observed to enhance response rate.

Fixed Ratio (FR)

  • Refers to reinforcement provided after a specific number of responses, such as after every 5 or 10 responses.

Assistive Technology

  • Any service that aids students with disabilities in assessment, selection, acquisition, or use of assistive technology devices.

Pairing Primary & Secondary Reinforcement

  • Involves combining verbal praise (secondary reinforcement) with primary reinforcers to enhance motivation, allowing for gradual fading of primary reinforcers.

Fixed Interval (FI)

  • Reinforcement is based on time, where a specific response is only rewarded after a set period, such as checking the mailbox at a designated time.

Components of Behavioral Objectives

  • Identify the learner, the target behavior, the conditions under which it occurs, and the criteria for performance.

Time-Out

  • A behavioral strategy that temporarily restricts access to reinforcement, aiming to reduce undesirable behaviors.

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Description

Explore key concepts in psychology, focusing on primary reinforcers and complex partial seizures. Understand how natural motivators affect behavior and examine the nature of seizures impacting consciousness. Perfect for students looking to deepen their knowledge in psychological phenomena.

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