Psychology Chapter on Open Self

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Questions and Answers

What factors contribute to the knowledge included in an individual's open self?

Name, skin color, age, religion, and political beliefs (correct)

Personal preferences and hobbies

Career choices and financial status

Emotional intelligence and communication skills

How does the size of an individual's open self change?

It decreases with age and experience

It increases with greater social status

It varies according to personality and relationships (correct)

It remains constant throughout life

Which aspect of the open self is least likely to be considered personal information?

Skin color

Favorite food (correct)

Political beliefs

Age

Which of the following statements is true about the open self?

The content of the open self can change based on relationships. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these factors is most commonly associated with an individual's open self?

Political beliefs Signup and view all the answers

What is one method mentioned to uncover subconscious information?

Hypnosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a way to access subconscious beliefs?

Journaling Signup and view all the answers

A fear of criticism is an example of what kind of information?

Subconscious beliefs Signup and view all the answers

What obsession was mentioned as being part of subconscious awareness?

Obsession with money Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods is specifically meant to reveal hidden fears or beliefs?

Hypnosis Signup and view all the answers

What does the principle of similarity state?

Things that look alike or are similar in other ways belong together. Signup and view all the answers

What is one method of organizing perceptions mentioned?

Organization by Rules Signup and view all the answers

How does the principle of similarity affect social perception?

It encourages seeing people who dress alike as belonging together. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best exemplifies the principle of similarity?

A team of athletes wearing matching uniforms. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a way to organize information according to the content provided?

Organization by Emotions Signup and view all the answers

In which way are perceptions organized when using 'Organization by Rules'?

By following established principles or guidelines Signup and view all the answers

What misconception might someone have regarding the principle of similarity?

Dressing alike automatically means a lack of individuality. Signup and view all the answers

In what situation might the principle of similarity lead to social grouping?

In scenarios where individuals choose to dress similarly for an occasion. Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred about the organization of perceptions?

It can utilize various methods, including rules. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the aim of organizing information by rules?

To simplify complex information Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason information is recalled from memory?

It matches a person's schema. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes schemas in relation to recall?

Schemas act as a framework for retrieving consistent information. Signup and view all the answers

During the recall process, what type of information is less likely to be accessed?

Information that is inconsistent with existing schemas. Signup and view all the answers

What factor significantly influences the ability to retrieve memories?

The presence of cues related to existing schemas. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the recall of information is true?

Information inconsistent with schemas is typically harder to remember. Signup and view all the answers

What does the rule of proximity suggest about items that are physically close together?

They form a perception of unity or belonging together. Signup and view all the answers

How might the rule of proximity apply in social settings?

Individuals who are frequently together are perceived as a unit. Signup and view all the answers

What kind of messages does the proximity rule relate to?

Messages that are spoken in sequence, one after another. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements reflects a misunderstanding of the rule of proximity?

Physical closeness does not affect perception. Signup and view all the answers

In terms of cognitive processing, what effect does the rule of proximity have?

It leads to the perception of nearby items as a cohesive unit. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Lecture Topic: The Self and Perception in Human Communication

The lecture discusses the concepts of "self" and "perception" in human communication.
Self-concept: According to Brown (1998), self-concept is how a person thinks about themselves. It's a person's mental image of themselves.
Self-concept is about how you perceive your behaviors, abilities, and unique characteristics.
Your self-concept influences others in the communication process.
Examples of self-concept: A person might view themselves as intelligent, an important community member, an excellent spouse and friend, or a caring person.

Four Contributors to Self-Concept

Others'images of you: The way significant others (e.g., friends, family) perceive you affects your self-image. The "looking-glass self" (Cooley, 1922) concept describes how others' communication reveals your image to you.
Your interpretations and evaluations: Your personal assessments of your feelings and behaviors contribute to your self-concept.
Social comparisons: Comparing yourself to your peers influences your self-concept.
Cultural Teachings: What your culture values and defines as success impacts your self-concept positively or negatively.

Stages of Perception

Stage 1: Stimulation: Your senses are triggered by objects, events or people.
Stage 2: Organization: You arrange the information from your senses. Ways of organizing include grouping based on proximity, similarity, or contrast.
Stage 3: Interpretation-Evaluation: You interpret and evaluate what you see; this is a subjective process heavily influenced by your experiences, needs, desires, values, expectations, emotional state, and gender.
Stage 4: Memory: You store your perception and interpretation in memory.
Stage 5: Recall: Later, you retrieve stored information from memory, often choosing what agrees with your pre-existing schemas.

Johari Window

The Johari Window is a tool for examining self-awareness.
It's a metaphoric division of the self into four areas:
- Open Self: Information known to you and others (e.g., name, age, beliefs).
- Blind Self: Information known to others but not to you.
- Hidden Self: Information known to you but not to others (e.g., secrets, fantasies).
- Unknown Self: Information unknown to you and others (possibly in your subconscious).

Self-Esteem

Self-esteem is how valuable you consider yourself, a measure of self-worth.
High self-esteem is characterized by a positive self-image; people with low self-esteem view themselves negatively.

How to Increase Self-Esteem

Examine and change self-destructive beliefs.
Acknowledge and remind yourself of successes.
Work on projects leading to achievements.
Surround yourself with positive, optimistic people.
Avoid negative people.

Perception

Definition: Perception is the process where you become aware of objects, events and people through your senses; sight, smell, taste, touch, and sound. Perception is an active process, not a passive one. It's influenced by your prior experiences, desires, needs, as well as what exists in your external environment.
Importance: Perception significantly influences communication choices; the messages you share and interpret depend on how you view the world, evaluate situations, and perceive others.

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Description

Explore the concept of the open self in psychology with this quiz. Answer questions about factors influencing individual awareness, methods of uncovering subconscious information, and social perception principles. Test your understanding of these key psychological concepts.