Podcast Beta
Questions and Answers
The capacity and duration of sensory memory is generally very ______.
limited
Baddeley’s model of working memory includes the central executive and two slave systems: the phonological loop and the ______.
visuospatial sketchpad
Patients with retrograde amnesia often have difficulty recalling memories that were formed before their ______.
injury
The testing effect demonstrates that ______ can enhance long-term retention of information.
Signup and view all the answers
One form of implicit memory is ______, which involves skills and actions learned through practice.
Signup and view all the answers
The serial position effect indicates that items at the beginning and end of a list are more likely to be ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Ebbinghaus conducted early studies on ______, exploring how information is forgotten over time.
Signup and view all the answers
The phenomenon where memory retrieval is influenced by the emotional or physical state at the time of encoding is known as ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Memory
- Memory: The ability to store and retrieve information.
-
Sensory Memory: Briefly holds sensory information (visual, auditory, etc.).
- Capacity: Large
- Duration: Very short (milliseconds to seconds)
- Sperling's Partial Report Method: Demonstrated the existence of sensory memory by testing participants' ability to recall a portion of a briefly presented array of letters.
-
Short-Term Memory: Holds information for a short period of time (seconds to minutes).
- Capacity: Limited (typically around 7 items, +/- 2)
- Duration: Short (seconds to minutes)
- Atkinson-Shiffrin Model: Proposed a three-stage model of memory - sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
-
Working Memory: A more active system that manipulates and processes information from short-term memory.
-
Baddeley's Working Memory Model: Proposed a working memory system with different components, including:
- Phonological Loop: Processes verbal and auditory information.
- Visuospatial Sketchpad: Processes visual and spatial information.
- Central Executive: Controls attention and integrates information from other components.
-
Factors Affecting Working Memory:
- Phonological Similarity Effect: Words that sound similar are harder to recall than words that sound different.
- Word Length Effect: Shorter words are easier to recall than longer words.
- Articulatory Suppression: Reciting irrelevant words disrupts the ability to hold information in the phonological loop.
-
Baddeley's Working Memory Model: Proposed a working memory system with different components, including:
Long-Term Memory
-
Long-Term Memory: Stores information relatively permanently (minutes to years).
- Capacity: Essentially unlimited.
- Duration: Long-lasting (minutes to years)
-
Brain Stimulation and Memory:
- Penfield's Work: During brain surgery, electric stimulation of specific brain regions could evoke memories in patients.
-
Types of Long-Term Memory:
-
Explicit Memory: (Conscious memory)
- Semantic Memory: General knowledge about the world (facts, concepts).
- Episodic Memory: Personal experiences and events.
- Procedural Memory: Memory for skills and habits.
-
Implicit Memory: (Unconscious memory)
- Priming: Recent exposure to a stimulus makes it easier to process the same or similar stimulus later.
- Conditioning: Learning associations between stimuli and responses.
-
Explicit Memory: (Conscious memory)
- Semanticization of LTM: The gradual loss of detailed episodic information, leaving only the semantic gist of the memory.
- Propaganda Effect: Increased familiarity with a statement leads to a greater likelihood of believing it.
-
Neural Structures and Memory:
- Explicit Memory: Hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex.
- Implicit Memory: Basal ganglia, cerebellum, and motor cortex.
-
Tests of Implicit and Explicit Memory:
- Explicit Memory Tests: Recall and recognition tasks.
- Implicit Memory Tests: Word-stem completion, perceptual identification tasks.
-
Amnesia: Loss of memory.
- Retrograde Amnesia: Loss of memories from before the onset of amnesia.
- Anterograde Amnesia: Inability to form new memories after the onset of amnesia.
- **Patient H.M., Clive Wearing, E.P.: ** Famous cases of amnesia that have provided critical insights into memory systems.
- Functions Spared in Amnesia: Often, implicit memory, procedural memory, and semantic memory remain intact.
-
Memory Processes:
-
Encoding: Getting information into memory.
- Levels of Processing Theory: Deeper processing (meaningful processing) leads to better memory.
- Encoding Specificity Principle: Retrieval cues are more effective if they relate to the way in which information was encoded.
- Ebbinghaus's Study: Demonstrated the forgetting curve, showing that memory decays over time.
-
Consolidation: Making memories more stable and enduring.
- Synaptic Consolidation: Strengthening of synaptic connections involved in the memory.
-
Systems Consolidation: Transfer of memories from the hippocampus to other brain regions for long-term storage.
- Standard Model: The hippocampus is initially critical for consolidation, but its role diminishes over time.
- Multiple Trace Model: The hippocampus is always involved in retrieving episodic memories.
-
Retrieval: Accessing and retrieving information from memory.
- Hebbian Learning: Neurons that fire together wire together.
- Long-Term Potentiation (LTP): A persistent strengthening of synapses due to repeated stimulation.
- Neurotransmitters and Receptors: Glutamate and NMDA receptors play crucial roles in learning and memory.
- Retrieval Cues: Stimuli that help retrieve information from memory.
- Mood and State-Dependent Retrieval: Memory retrieval is better if the internal state (e.g., mood, intoxication) at retrieval matches the state at encoding.
-
Encoding: Getting information into memory.
Other Memory Concepts
- Serial Position Effect: The tendency to remember items at the beginning (primacy effect) and end (recency effect) of a list better than items in the middle.
-
Ways to Enhance Encoding:
- Rehearsal: Repeating information.
- Generation Effect: Generating information yourself, rather than passively receiving it, leads to better memory.
- Elaboration: Adding meaning and context to information.
-
Factors Affecting Encoding and Retrieval:
- Attention: Focused attention enhances encoding.
- Motivation: High motivation leads to better encoding.
- Emotions: Strong emotions can enhance or impair memory.
- Sleep: Consolidation occurs during sleep.
- Remember/Know Procedure: A test of memory that asks participants to judge whether they have encountered a specific item before (remember) or simply feel familiar with it (know).
-
Recall vs. Recognition:
- Recall: Retrieving information without any cues.
- Recognition: Identifying previously encountered information.
- Testing Effect: Repeatedly testing oneself on material leads to better long-term memory.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your knowledge of memory concepts, including sensory, short-term, and working memory. Explore key theories like the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model and Baddeley's Working Memory Model. This quiz will help reinforce your understanding of how we store and retrieve information.