Psychology Chapter on Memory

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Questions and Answers

Match the types of memory with their definitions:

Recognition Memory = The ability to identify something encountered in the past Recall Memory = Bringing to mind something previously seen or experienced Relearning Memory = A strategy to improve memory through revisiting previously learned information Long-term Memory = The storage of information for extended periods

Match the cognitive functions of memory with their descriptions:

Coding = The process of converting information into a form that can be stored Storage = Retaining information for later retrieval Retrieval = Accessing stored information when needed Mental Time Travel = Reliving past experiences through memory

Match the types of memory retrieval with their characteristics:

Recognition = Quick identification without deeper processing Recall = Retrieving memories from long-term storage Relearning = Facilitating future retrieval by revisiting information Retention = The ability to hold information in memory over time

Match these examples with the type of memory they illustrate:

Remembering a childhood birthday party = Recall Memory Knowing you saw something but not its name = Recognition Memory Revisiting a subject learned in school = Relearning Memory Storing a grocery list for later use = Storage Signup and view all the answers

Match the processes involved in memory with their roles:

Encoding = Transforming experiences into a storable format Storage = Maintaining information over time Retrieval = Bringing stored information back to consciousness Forgetting = The loss of memories over time Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of memory tasks with their functions:

Recall Task = Requires active retrieval of information Recognition Task = Involves identifying familiar items Relearning Task = Eases retrieval through repetition Retention Task = Measures how much information is remembered over time Signup and view all the answers

Match these memory terms with their implications:

Recognition Memory = Involves shallow processing Recall Memory = Requires deeper cognitive effort Relearning Memory = Enhances retention through practice Long-term Memory = Can last for years or even a lifetime Signup and view all the answers

Match the examples of memory use with their respective types:

Recalling a friend's name = Recall Memory Choosing a familiar item at the store = Recognition Memory Studying for an exam again = Relearning Memory Remembering a fact from a lecture = Long-term Memory Signup and view all the answers

Match the causes of forgetting with their corresponding descriptions:

Ineffective Encoding = Processing information at a deeper level aids memory retention Decay = Memory fades as time passes, affecting sensory and short-term memories Interference = Forgetting due to old and new memories impacting recall Cue-dependent forgetting = Failure to recall information without the presence of cues Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of interference with their definitions:

Proactive interference = Old memories disrupt the learning of new tasks Retroactive interference = New information interferes with the recall of old information Semantic cues = Memory retrieval associated with another memory Context-dependent cues = Memory retrieval facilitated by the environment where it was encoded Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of memory cues with their characteristics:

State-dependent cues = Recovery influenced by one's mental or emotional state Context-dependent cues = Retrieval triggered by environmental factors Semantic cues = Association between different memories for retrieval Absence of cues = Failure to recall information due to lack of contextual help Signup and view all the answers

Match the phenomenon with its description:

Absentmindedness = Forgetting objects due to lack of attention during encoding Blocking = Retrieval failure caused by another memory interfering Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon = Temporary inability to access a known memory Cue-dependent retrieval = Recollection facilitated by specific environmental or emotional triggers Signup and view all the answers

Match the memory theories with their explanations:

Decay Theory = Memory loss occurs over time for sensory and short-term memory Interference Theory = Information retention is affected by prior learning Cue-dependent forgetting theory = Memory recall may fail in the absence of appropriate prompts Absentmindedness theory = Inadequate attention at the encoding stage leads to memory lapses Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of long-term memory loss with their causes:

Proactive interference = Confusion from old tasks affecting new learning Retroactive interference = New learning causing difficulty in recalling old tasks Contextual cues = Environmental similarity enhancing memory retrieval Semantic cues = Relating one memory to another for easier recall Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of memory encoding with their implications:

Deep encoding = Increases the likelihood of long-term retention Shallow encoding = Leads to higher chances of forgetting information Attention-focused encoding = Enhances both recall and recognition tasks Distraction during encoding = Results in ineffective memory formation Signup and view all the answers

Match the memory retrieval issues with their respective terms:

Blocking = Inability to recall due to conflicting memories Absentmindedness = Lapses caused by inattention during initial learning Tip-of-the-tongue = Instant recall difficulty despite known information Motivated forgetting = Intentional suppression of certain memories Signup and view all the answers

Match the cognitive processes with their corresponding memory phases:

Encoding = Initial learning and processing of information Storage = Maintaining information over time for future use Retrieval = Accessing stored information when needed Forgetting = Inability to recall or access learned information Signup and view all the answers

Match the following memory concepts with their definitions:

Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon = Failure to retrieve a word from memory despite partial recall Amnesia = Inability to recall specific memories due to brain damage Overlearning = Continued practice of material even after it is learned Deep Processing = Involves thinking about the meaning of information while learning Signup and view all the answers

Match the following memory improvement techniques with their descriptions:

Rehearsal or Practice = Allows for better retention of information through regular review Minimizing Interference = Improving retention by reducing exposure to similar material Chunking = Breaking down long strings of information into smaller, manageable segments Mnemonics = Using techniques like acronyms and rhymes for better memory recall Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of memory with their characteristics:

Sensory Memory = Stores unprocessed sensory information for brief durations Short-Term Memory = Intermediate storage with minimal capacity for processed information Long-Term Memory = Stores information for extended periods based on meaningful processing Episodic Memory = Type of long-term memory related to personal experiences Signup and view all the answers

Match the following mnemonic strategies with their methods:

Acronyms = Forming a word from the first letters of each item Acrostics = Creating a sentence where each word starts with the first letters Narrative Method = Using a story to link items for better recall Rhymes = Using similar sounds to make information memorable Signup and view all the answers

Match the following practices with their effects on memory:

Rehearsal = Increases the likelihood of memory retention Overlearning = Enhances retention beyond initial learning Distributed Practice = Improves memory through spaced repetition Deep Processing = Increases retention by focusing on meaning Signup and view all the answers

Match the following aspects of sensory memory with their properties:

Duration = Typically lasts between 1 to 4 seconds Modality Specificity = Limited to one sensory modality at a time Afterimage = Visual representation remaining after stimulus removal Capacity = Stores raw sensory information briefly Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms associated with memory organization with their definitions:

Hierarchical Organization = Arranging information in categories and subcategories Chunking = Organizing information into smaller, manageable units Elaboration = Associating new material with previously learned information Outline Method = Using structured format to organize material for better recall Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of memory improvement techniques with examples:

Rehearsal = Repeating information multiple times to enhance memory Minimizing Interference = Studying different subjects at separate times Using Visual Imagery = Creating mental images to represent concepts Organizing Material = Developing a mind map for studying topics Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of memory with examples:

Sensory Memory = Seeing a bright scene and recalling an afterimage Short-Term Memory = Remembering a phone number just long enough to dial it Long-Term Memory = Recalling the details of a wedding ceremony years later Episodic Memory = Remembering where you were on your birthday last year Signup and view all the answers

Match the following conditions with their outcomes on memory:

Sleep After Studying = Helps to solidify recent learning Disorganized Information = Leads to poor recall and understanding Attention to Material = Enhances memory retention significantly Stress During Learning = Can hinder the ability to recall information later Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of memory with their definitions:

Episodic Memory = Memory of personal experiences and specific events Semantic Memory = Memory for facts and generalized knowledge Procedural Memory = Memory for skills and actions Explicit Memory = Conscious memories that can be easily verbalized Signup and view all the answers

Match the following memory features with their characteristics:

Short-term Memory (STM) = Limited capacity and short duration of storage Long-term Memory (LTM) = Unlimited capacity and duration of storage Implicit Memory = Unconscious and cannot be verbally recalled Explicit Memory = Involves recalling context and details of events Signup and view all the answers

Match the following stages of memory with their descriptions:

Sensory Memory = Stores sensory information for a brief period Short-term Memory = Holds information actively being processed Long-term Memory = Stores information over extended periods Processing = Organizing information to enhance memory retention Signup and view all the answers

Match the following memory categories with their types:

Explicit Memory = Declarative and can be verbalized Implicit Memory = Non-declarative and often unconscious Declarative Memory = Includes both episodic and semantic memory Procedural Memory = Involves actions and skill-based tasks Signup and view all the answers

Match the following memory characteristics with their properties:

Short-term Memory = Typically retains information for 1 minute Long-term Memory = Can hold information for a lifetime Semantic Memory = Stores meaning-based information Episodic Memory = Accessed uniquely by the individual Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of memory with their examples:

Episodic Memory = Recollection of a birthday party Semantic Memory = Recall of the capital city of a country Procedural Memory = Riding a bicycle without conscious thought Implicit Memory = Feeling anxious in a dark room Signup and view all the answers

Match the following definitions with the relevant memory terms:

Sensory Memory = Initial brief storage of sensory information Short-term Memory = Active processing and limited duration Long-term Memory = Extensive storage with seemingly no limit Explicit Memory = Memory that can be verbally articulated Signup and view all the answers

Match the following memory processes with their explanations:

Attention = Focus that transfers information to STM Rehearsal = Maintaining information in STM Encoding = Transforming information for long-term storage Retrieval = Accessing stored information from memory Signup and view all the answers

Match the following memory retrieval factors with their functions:

Contextual Factors = Affect how and when retrieval occurs Memory Organization = Enhances retention and retrieval of stored info Duration = Refers to the time span information is accessible Capacity = Indicates the amount of information stored Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Memory Overview

Memory is the cognitive function responsible for coding, storing, and retrieving information from our past.
It allows "mental time travel," enabling recall of recent events or childhood memories.
Memory facilitates daily tasks, skill application, and fact retention.

Memory Measurement

Memory retention is evaluated through recall, recognition, and relearning:
- Recognition Memory: Identifying previously encountered information without detailed recall (e.g., "I saw that before").
- Recall Memory: Actively retrieving previously experienced information, such as book titles or friend names.
- Relearning Memory: Learning information again, leading to improved recall and usually requiring less time than the initial learning.

Causes of Forgetting

Forgetting can occur for several reasons:
- Ineffective Encoding: Poor processing leads to harder recall; deeper processing enhances memory retention.
- Decay: According to decay theory, memory fades over time, affecting sensory and short-term memory, but long-term memory may remain intact.
- Interference:
  - Proactive Interference: Old information disrupts new learning.
  - Retroactive Interference: New information disrupts recall of old memories.
- Cue-Dependent Forgetting: Memory retrieval failures due to lack of cues, with types including semantic, state-dependent, and context-dependent cues.
- Absentmindedness: Low attention at encoding leads to misplaced items or appointments.
- Blocking: Temporary retrieval failure where a new memory interferes with recalling an older one, often leading to "tip-of-the-tongue" moments.
- Amnesia: Memory loss typically caused by damage in the temporal lobe and hippocampus.

Enhancing Memory

Memory improvement strategies:
- Rehearsal/Practice: Frequent repetition aids retention.
- Overlearning: Continued study after initial mastery boosts retention.
- Minimizing Interference: Reducing similar material exposure enhances memory.
- Deep Processing: Engaging meaningfully with content leads to better retention. Utilizing elaboration can strengthen connections.
- Organizing Material: Hierarchical organization and chunking information aid memorization.
- Mnemonics: Utilizing acronyms, acrostics, and other memory aids enhance recall.

Types of Memory

Sensory Memory: Holds unprocessed sensory information briefly, lasting 1-4 seconds.
Short-Term Memory (STM): Processes and retains information briefly, lasting about 1 minute; relies on rehearsal for retention.
Long-Term Memory (LTM): Has unlimited capacity, storing information for extended periods; primarily organized based on semantics.

Long-Term Memory Divisions

Explicit Memory: Conscious memories easily verbalized, including:
- Declarative Memory: Facts and events, subdivided into:
  - Episodic Memory: Personal experiences unique to the individual.
  - Semantic Memory: General knowledge and meaning, such as facts from literature or events.
Implicit Memory: Unconscious memory of procedures or feelings; includes:
- Procedural Memory: Skills and tasks performed automatically.

Stages of Memory

Input Stage: Sensory organs perceive and transfer information to sensory memory.
Attention Stage: Focused information moves from sensory memory to short-term memory for about 1 minute.
Encoding Stage: New information is connected with existing knowledge to facilitate long-term memory formation.
Storage & Retrieval: Organized and retained information can be later retrieved for use.

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