Psychology Chapter on Memory

Recognition Memory = The ability to identify something encountered in the past Recall Memory = Bringing to mind something previously seen or experienced Relearning Memory = A strategy to improve memory through revisiting previously learned information Long-term Memory = The storage of information for extended periods

Coding = The process of converting information into a form that can be stored Storage = Retaining information for later retrieval Retrieval = Accessing stored information when needed Mental Time Travel = Reliving past experiences through memory

Recognition = Quick identification without deeper processing Recall = Retrieving memories from long-term storage Relearning = Facilitating future retrieval by revisiting information Retention = The ability to hold information in memory over time

<p>Remembering a childhood birthday party = Recall Memory Knowing you saw something but not its name = Recognition Memory Revisiting a subject learned in school = Relearning Memory Storing a grocery list for later use = Storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Encoding = Transforming experiences into a storable format Storage = Maintaining information over time Retrieval = Bringing stored information back to consciousness Forgetting = The loss of memories over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recall Task = Requires active retrieval of information Recognition Task = Involves identifying familiar items Relearning Task = Eases retrieval through repetition Retention Task = Measures how much information is remembered over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recognition Memory = Involves shallow processing Recall Memory = Requires deeper cognitive effort Relearning Memory = Enhances retention through practice Long-term Memory = Can last for years or even a lifetime</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recalling a friend's name = Recall Memory Choosing a familiar item at the store = Recognition Memory Studying for an exam again = Relearning Memory Remembering a fact from a lecture = Long-term Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ineffective Encoding = Processing information at a deeper level aids memory retention Decay = Memory fades as time passes, affecting sensory and short-term memories Interference = Forgetting due to old and new memories impacting recall Cue-dependent forgetting = Failure to recall information without the presence of cues</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proactive interference = Old memories disrupt the learning of new tasks Retroactive interference = New information interferes with the recall of old information Semantic cues = Memory retrieval associated with another memory Context-dependent cues = Memory retrieval facilitated by the environment where it was encoded</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>State-dependent cues = Recovery influenced by one's mental or emotional state Context-dependent cues = Retrieval triggered by environmental factors Semantic cues = Association between different memories for retrieval Absence of cues = Failure to recall information due to lack of contextual help</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Absentmindedness = Forgetting objects due to lack of attention during encoding Blocking = Retrieval failure caused by another memory interfering Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon = Temporary inability to access a known memory Cue-dependent retrieval = Recollection facilitated by specific environmental or emotional triggers</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decay Theory = Memory loss occurs over time for sensory and short-term memory Interference Theory = Information retention is affected by prior learning Cue-dependent forgetting theory = Memory recall may fail in the absence of appropriate prompts Absentmindedness theory = Inadequate attention at the encoding stage leads to memory lapses</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proactive interference = Confusion from old tasks affecting new learning Retroactive interference = New learning causing difficulty in recalling old tasks Contextual cues = Environmental similarity enhancing memory retrieval Semantic cues = Relating one memory to another for easier recall</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deep encoding = Increases the likelihood of long-term retention Shallow encoding = Leads to higher chances of forgetting information Attention-focused encoding = Enhances both recall and recognition tasks Distraction during encoding = Results in ineffective memory formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blocking = Inability to recall due to conflicting memories Absentmindedness = Lapses caused by inattention during initial learning Tip-of-the-tongue = Instant recall difficulty despite known information Motivated forgetting = Intentional suppression of certain memories</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Encoding = Initial learning and processing of information Storage = Maintaining information over time for future use Retrieval = Accessing stored information when needed Forgetting = Inability to recall or access learned information</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon = Failure to retrieve a word from memory despite partial recall Amnesia = Inability to recall specific memories due to brain damage Overlearning = Continued practice of material even after it is learned Deep Processing = Involves thinking about the meaning of information while learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rehearsal or Practice = Allows for better retention of information through regular review Minimizing Interference = Improving retention by reducing exposure to similar material Chunking = Breaking down long strings of information into smaller, manageable segments Mnemonics = Using techniques like acronyms and rhymes for better memory recall</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensory Memory = Stores unprocessed sensory information for brief durations Short-Term Memory = Intermediate storage with minimal capacity for processed information Long-Term Memory = Stores information for extended periods based on meaningful processing Episodic Memory = Type of long-term memory related to personal experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acronyms = Forming a word from the first letters of each item Acrostics = Creating a sentence where each word starts with the first letters Narrative Method = Using a story to link items for better recall Rhymes = Using similar sounds to make information memorable</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rehearsal = Increases the likelihood of memory retention Overlearning = Enhances retention beyond initial learning Distributed Practice = Improves memory through spaced repetition Deep Processing = Increases retention by focusing on meaning</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Duration = Typically lasts between 1 to 4 seconds Modality Specificity = Limited to one sensory modality at a time Afterimage = Visual representation remaining after stimulus removal Capacity = Stores raw sensory information briefly</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hierarchical Organization = Arranging information in categories and subcategories Chunking = Organizing information into smaller, manageable units Elaboration = Associating new material with previously learned information Outline Method = Using structured format to organize material for better recall</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rehearsal = Repeating information multiple times to enhance memory Minimizing Interference = Studying different subjects at separate times Using Visual Imagery = Creating mental images to represent concepts Organizing Material = Developing a mind map for studying topics</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensory Memory = Seeing a bright scene and recalling an afterimage Short-Term Memory = Remembering a phone number just long enough to dial it Long-Term Memory = Recalling the details of a wedding ceremony years later Episodic Memory = Remembering where you were on your birthday last year</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sleep After Studying = Helps to solidify recent learning Disorganized Information = Leads to poor recall and understanding Attention to Material = Enhances memory retention significantly Stress During Learning = Can hinder the ability to recall information later</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Episodic Memory = Memory of personal experiences and specific events Semantic Memory = Memory for facts and generalized knowledge Procedural Memory = Memory for skills and actions Explicit Memory = Conscious memories that can be easily verbalized</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Short-term Memory (STM) = Limited capacity and short duration of storage Long-term Memory (LTM) = Unlimited capacity and duration of storage Implicit Memory = Unconscious and cannot be verbally recalled Explicit Memory = Involves recalling context and details of events</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensory Memory = Stores sensory information for a brief period Short-term Memory = Holds information actively being processed Long-term Memory = Stores information over extended periods Processing = Organizing information to enhance memory retention</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Explicit Memory = Declarative and can be verbalized Implicit Memory = Non-declarative and often unconscious Declarative Memory = Includes both episodic and semantic memory Procedural Memory = Involves actions and skill-based tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Short-term Memory = Typically retains information for 1 minute Long-term Memory = Can hold information for a lifetime Semantic Memory = Stores meaning-based information Episodic Memory = Accessed uniquely by the individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Episodic Memory = Recollection of a birthday party Semantic Memory = Recall of the capital city of a country Procedural Memory = Riding a bicycle without conscious thought Implicit Memory = Feeling anxious in a dark room</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensory Memory = Initial brief storage of sensory information Short-term Memory = Active processing and limited duration Long-term Memory = Extensive storage with seemingly no limit Explicit Memory = Memory that can be verbally articulated</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attention = Focus that transfers information to STM Rehearsal = Maintaining information in STM Encoding = Transforming information for long-term storage Retrieval = Accessing stored information from memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contextual Factors = Affect how and when retrieval occurs Memory Organization = Enhances retention and retrieval of stored info Duration = Refers to the time span information is accessible Capacity = Indicates the amount of information stored</p> Signup and view all the answers