Psychology Chapter on Learning and Associationism
48 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the definition of learning as presented?

  • A reflexive response to external stimuli
  • An innate change in an organism’s DNA
  • A temporary change in behavior due to experience
  • A relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience (correct)

    • Which principle suggests that ideas and memories are linked through frequent experience?

  • Generalization
  • Associationism
  • Reinforcement
  • Contiguity (correct)

    • In classical conditioning, what is the term for the initial learning stage where an association is formed between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus?

  • Reinforcement
  • Acquisition (correct)
  • Extinction
  • Generalization

    • During Pavlov's experiments, what happens when a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus?

    <p>It becomes a conditioned response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must typically occur for conditioning to happen in classical conditioning?

    <p>The neutral stimulus must precede the unconditioned stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes associative learning?

    <p>Learning to associate one stimulus with another stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the unconditioned stimulus lead to in Pavlov's experiments?

    <p>A conditioned response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when a conditioned response decreases and ultimately ceases due to the absence of the conditioned stimulus?

    <p>Extinction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a stimulus in the context of learning?

    <p>Any object, event, or experience causing a response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After a period without exposure to the conditioned stimulus, the original conditioned response can reappear. What is this phenomenon known as?

    <p>Spontaneous Recovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the ability to distinguish between stimuli that signal the unconditioned stimulus and those that do not?

    <p>Stimulus Discrimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to later behaviorists, what significantly influences how animals learn from stimuli?

    <p>Biological Constraints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Garcia's research demonstrate about the timing between the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus?

    <p>They can be hours apart and still lead to conditioning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of learning did early behaviorists generally overlook according to later research?

    <p>Cognitive Processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the tendency to respond similarly to stimuli that resemble the conditioned stimulus?

    <p>Stimulus Generalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key factor did both Pavlov and Watson underestimate in their study of psychology?

    <p>Cognitive Processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between operant conditioning and classical conditioning?

    <p>Operant conditioning involves behaviors that operate on the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately represents the Law of Effect?

    <p>Responses that are reinforced tend to be repeated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario is shaping applied effectively?

    <p>Gradually guiding an animal's actions toward a complex target behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary reinforcer?

    <p>An innately reinforcing stimulus like food or drink.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the operant chamber, or Skinner box, function?

    <p>It requires an animal to manipulate a bar or key to obtain a reinforcer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines a conditioned reinforcer?

    <p>A stimulus that reinforces behavior through prior associations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What consistent principle is illustrated by Skinner's work in operant conditioning?

    <p>Reinforcement increases the likelihood of repeated behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of reinforcement in operant conditioning?

    <p>To strengthen the behavior that follows it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are cognitive maps in the context of learning?

    <p>Mental representations of the layout of an environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is latent learning?

    <p>Learning that occurs without any reinforcement but becomes visible with motivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does intrinsic motivation differ from extrinsic motivation?

    <p>Intrinsic motivation refers to performing behavior for its own sake, while extrinsic is driven by rewards or punishments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept did Breland and Breland demonstrate in their research on animal behavior?

    <p>Biological predispositions influence learning and behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key argument made by Skinner regarding behavior?

    <p>External influences predominantly shape behaviors rather than internal emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which application of operant conditioning is mentioned in relation to workplace productivity?

    <p>Allowing employees to share profits and participate in ownership</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method is suggested to reinforce good behavior in children?

    <p>Reinforcing good behavior while ignoring unwanted behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do higher animals, including humans, typically learn according to observational learning theories?

    <p>Through imitation and observation of others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an immediate reinforcer?

    <p>A reinforcer that occurs instantly after a behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which schedule of reinforcement is characterized by reinforcing a response only after a certain number of responses?

    <p>Fixed-ratio schedule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential negative effect of punishment?

    <p>Creates unwanted fears</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of reinforcement schedule produces steady and consistent responses over time?

    <p>Variable-interval schedule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor can contribute to greater resistance to extinction in the context of reinforcement?

    <p>Partial reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a delayed reinforcer typically require from an individual?

    <p>Consistent effort and patience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might Skinner's understanding of behavior be critiqued?

    <p>He believed cognitive processes were irrelevant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can occur when punishment is used in behavior modification?

    <p>It can cause aggression toward the punisher</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do mirror neurons play in observational learning?

    <p>They activate during observational learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do prosocial models have on behavior according to observational learning theories?

    <p>They can lead to positive, helpful behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What findings were indicated by Bandura's Bobo doll study?

    <p>Children learn through imitation of rewarded behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What outcome is associated with children who are exposed to violent media, according to the research mentioned?

    <p>Increased expression of aggression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a consequence of observing antisocial models in the environment?

    <p>Development of antisocial behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does observational learning reportedly begin according to the content?

    <p>Around 14 months.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does modeling violence in media impact children's behavior?

    <p>It can desensitize children to real-life violence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the findings regarding observational learning from Gentile et al. (2004)?

    <p>Children exposed to violent media tend to mimic aggressive behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Learning Definition

    • Learning is a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience.
    • Learning is more adaptable than genetically-programmed behaviors (like those of Chinook salmon).

    How Do We Learn?

    • We learn through association, connecting events that occur in a sequence.
    • Aristotle (2000 years ago) and Locke and Hume (200 years ago) identified this principle.

    Associationism

    • Learning that specific events occur together.
    • Events can be two stimuli or a response and its consequence.
    • Learning involves forming associations based on contiguity (closeness in time of events).
    • This means ideas, memories, and experiences are connected when frequently occurring together.

    Associative Learning (Stimulus-Stimulus)

    • Learning to link one stimulus to another.
    • Example: Sea snails associate a splash with a tail shock.

    Associative Learning (Stimulus-Response)

    • Learning to link a response with a consequence.
    • Example: A seal balancing a ball learns it gets food as a consequence. This strengthens the behavior of balancing.

    Classical Conditioning

    • Classical conditioning ideas come from old philosophical ideas.
    • Ivan Pavlov elucidated classical conditioning.
    • His work influenced behaviorists like John Watson.
    • Pavlov's experiments involved pairing a neutral stimulus (e.g., a tone) with an unconditioned stimulus (e.g., food), leading to a conditioned response (e.g., salivation).

    Pavlov's Experiments

    • During conditioning, the neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are paired, resulting in an unconditioned response.
    • After conditioning, the neutral stimulus (now a conditioned stimulus) elicits a conditioned response.

    Classical Conditioning Terms

    • Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response.
    • Unconditioned Response (UCR): The unlearned, naturally occurring response to the UCS.
    • Conditioned Stimulus (CS): Originally a neutral stimulus, it, after association with the UCS, now triggers a conditioned response.
    • Conditioned Response (CR): The learned response to a previously neutral stimulus (now a conditioned stimulus).
    • Neutral Stimulus (NS): A stimulus that initially does not elicit a response.

    Acquisition

    • The initial stage of learning, where an association is made between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.
    • The neutral stimulus needs to come before the unconditioned stimulus.
    • The time between the two stimuli should be about half a second.

    Extinction

    • The diminished responding that occurs when the conditioned stimulus (CS) no longer signals the unconditioned stimulus (US).

    Spontaneous Recovery

    • The reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished conditioned response (CR).
    • Even after extinction, spontaneous recovery can occur.

    Stimulus Generalization

    • The tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus (CS).
    • Example: Pavlov's dog salivating to tones similar to the conditioned tone.

    Stimulus Discrimination

    • The learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus (CS) and similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus (US).

    Extending Pavlov's Understanding

    • Pavlov and Watson downplayed the importance of cognitive processes and biological constraints in learning.
    • Consciousness or the mind were seen by early behaviorists as unable to be subjected to objective scientific scrutiny.

    Cognitive Processes

    • Later behaviorists suggest that animals learn the predictability of a stimulus.
    • They learn expectations and awareness of the stimulus.

    Biological Predispositions

    • Pavlov and Watson believed learning laws are similar in all animals.
    • However, later research shows learning is constrained by an organism's biology.
    • Garcia showed that conditioning can occur even with a long delay (hours) between the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus.
    • Example: Taste aversion learning.
    • Conditioning can be biologically adaptive - e.g., associating sickness with taste led to conditioning in animals, but sight or sound did not.

    Pavlov's Legacy

    • Pavlov's greatest contribution to psychology was isolating elementary behaviors from complex ones using objective scientific procedures.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Learning 1 PDF
    Operant & Classical Conditioning PDF

    Description

    Explore the fundamentals of learning in psychology, focusing on the concept of associationism. This quiz delves into how organisms learn through experiences and the connections formed through associations between events. Understand the principles laid out by influential philosophers like Aristotle and Locke.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser