Questions and Answers
Which of the following statements is NOT cited as a reason why categories are useful?
The connectionist network has learned the correct pattern for a concept when?
the error signals are reduced to nearly none and the correct properties are assigned.
The _____ model includes associations between concepts and the property of spreading activation.
semantic network
According to Rosch, the ____ level of categories is the psychologically 'privileged' level of category that reflects people's everyday experience.
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In a lexical decision task, participants have to decide whether?
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The semantic network model predicts that the time it takes for a person to retrieve information about a concept should be determined by?
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Not all of the members of everyday categories have the same features. This poses a problem for the _______ approach to categorization.
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According to Collins and Quillian's semantic network model, it should take longest to verify which statement below?
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Which of the following is a connectionist model proposing that concepts are represented by activity that is spread across a network?
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If asked to name basic level objects for a category, U.S. participants would answer ____ and Itzaj participants would answer ____.
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Two different definitions of ________ include (a) 'the mental representation of a class or individual,' and (b) 'the meaning of objects, events, and abstract ideas.'
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The concept of ________ refers to the fact that animals tend to share many different properties.
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In comparing exemplars, it would be correct to say that Olin's standard involves?
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Spreading activation primes?
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An advantage of the exemplar approach over the prototype approach is that the exemplar approach provides a better explanation of the ________ effect.
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Certain types of neurons, now called ________ neurons, activate when a monkey grasps food on a tray and also when they watch the experimenter grasp food.
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Which reaction time data sets illustrate the typicality effect for the bird category? (NOTE: Read data sets as RTs for Trial 1: Trial 2: Trial 3)
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Which of the following is NOT a property of the connectionist approach?
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Learning takes place in a connectionist network through a process of _____ in which an error signal is transmitted starting from the property units.
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If a system has the property of graceful degradation, this means that?
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______ is a 'typical' member of a category.
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Which member would most likely be ranked highest in prototypicality in the 'birds' category?
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One of the key properties of the _____ approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network.
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Which approach to categorization involves forming a standard representation based on an average of category members experienced in the past?
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Collins and Quillian's semantic network model predicts that the reaction time to verify 'a canary is a bird' is?
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According to the typicality effect, items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group?
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The principle illustrated when most people recognize various examples of chairs despite no single member having all characteristic properties is?
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People playing the parlor game '20 Questions' often start their questions as general (e.g., 'Is it an animal?'). Each of these questions describes which level of categorization?
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In evaluating retrieval rates for category information using sentence verification, Collins and Quillian's approach would predict the slowest reaction times for which statement?
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Which of the following would be in a basic level category?
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Imagine a young child is learning about the category 'dog'. She will be LEAST likely to categorize an animal as a dog if it?
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Which of the following is NOT associated with the semantic network model?
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In the semantic network model, a specific category or concept is represented at a?
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Items high on prototypicality have ____ family resemblances.
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Which of the following is an example of the sentence verification technique?
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If you say that 'a Labrador retriever is my idea of a typical dog,' you would be using the _____ approach to categorization.
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Two different definitions of ________ offered include (a) 'the mental representation of a class or individual,' and (b) 'the meaning of objects, events, and abstract ideas.'
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Based on different category types, jumping from _______ categories results in the largest gain in information.
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Rosch found that participants respond more rapidly in a same-different task when presented with 'good' examples of colors than with 'poor' examples. The result of this experiment was interpreted as supporting the _____ approach to categorization.
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Study Notes
Categories and Their Utility
- Categories provide definitions that organize related objects, but some members may not fit all characteristics.
- Basic level categories reflect everyday experiences, as proposed by Rosch.
Connectionist Networks
- Learning in a connectionist network is indicated by minimal error signals and proper property assignment.
- Parallel Distributed Processing theory represents concepts through active networks, utilizing spreading activation to connect associated concepts.
Semantic Networks
- Semantic network models explain information retrieval time based on network distance.
- Properties of concepts include nodes, where specific categories are represented, and back propagation facilitates learning through error signal transmission.
Conceptual Understanding
- Concepts can be defined as mental representations of classes or individuals and hold the meanings of objects and ideas.
- The typicality effect shows that high-prototypicality items are recognized faster within categories.
Exemplars vs. Prototypes
- The exemplar approach considers specific instances and offers better explanation for the typicality effect than prototypes.
- Prototypes are average representations of categories, while exemplars are specific examples encountered over time.
Cross-Cultural Perspectives
- Studies reveal that U.S. participants may use broader category terms like "tree," while Itzaj participants specify types such as "oak."
Hierarchical Organization
- In categorizations, initial questions often address superordinate categories (e.g., animal, vegetable, mineral) before narrowing down to specifics.
- Family resemblance illustrates that category members can share varying properties without needing to match all characteristics.
Cognitive Processes in Categorization
- Items high on prototypicality feature strong family resemblances and are confirmed more quickly in verification tasks.
- Graceful degradation in systems means that partial damage does not completely hinder function.
Reaction Time and Categorization
- Reaction times differ based on the structure of semantic networks; longer times are expected for general assertions compared to more specific ones.
- Using sentence verification techniques helps gauge retrieval rates among examples, illustrating cognitive processing speed.
Developmental Considerations
- Young children's categorization skills can be influenced by previous encounters; atypical examples may lead to incorrect categorizations.
Additional Notes
- Contextual cues like "good" versus "poor" examples in color categorization reinforce the prototype approach, highlighting the variances in perception and recognition based on familiarity.
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Description
Explore the intricate concepts related to categories, connectionist networks, and semantic networks as discussed in psychology. This quiz will assess your understanding of how these elements interconnect and aid in conceptual learning and information retrieval.
